Table 4.
Total, direct and selected indirect effects of modifiable risk factors and cognitive performance from SES to incident all-cause dementia among older adults, overall (Agebase: 60 + y); NHANES III, 1988–1994a.
| β | (SE), p | |
|---|---|---|
| TOTAL EFFECT OF SES | −0.160 | (0.067), p = 0.022* |
| DIRECT EFFECT OF SES | −0.050 | (0.070), p = 0.41 |
| SELECTED INDIRECT EFFECTS OF SES | ||
| SES → LIFESTYLE → DEMENTIA (βG) | −0.0397 | (0.0144)** |
| SES → LIFESTYLE → HEALTH → DEMENTIA (βH) | +0.0004 | (0.0032) |
| SES → LIFESTYLE → HEALTH → COGN→DEMENTIA (βI) | +0.0001 | (0.0002) |
| SES → LIFESTYLE → COGN→DEMENTIA (βJ) | −0.0067 | (0.0012)*** |
| SES → COGN→DEMENTIA (βK) | −0.0493 | (0.0087)*** |
AD Alzheimer’s Disease, ALCOHOL alcohol consumption, z-score, COGN Cognitive performance principal component variable (4 measured variables), DIET/NUTR diet and nutritional biomarkers z-score variable (2 dietary quality measures and 4 nutritional biomarkers), HEALTH Health-related factors as mean of z-scores for allostatic load, self-rated health, co-morbidity index and body mass index, LIFESTYLE Lifestyle-related factors composed of social support, physical activity, diet/nutritional biomarkers, smoking and alcohol consumption using means of z-scores for related measured variables, MA Mexican American, N Number of participants, N’ number of observations, NHANES III Third National Health and Nutrition and Examination Survey, NHB Non-Hispanic Blacks, NHW Non-Hispanic White, PA Physical activity z-score variable (3 measured variables), RACE_ETHN racial/ethnic contrast; SES Socioeconomic status mean of z-scores composed of poverty income ratio and education (years), SMOKING smoking z-score variable (2 measured variables); SS Social Support z-score variable (5 measured variables). See Methods section for more details.
aValues are path coefficients β ± SE or nonlinear combinations of path coefficients to compute selected indirect effects, considering sampling design complexity (PSU and strata), across 5 imputations with 10 iterations. For indirect effects, Rubin’s rule was applied in order to pool estimate across the 5 imputations.
*P < 0.05 **P < 0.01 ***P < 0.001 for null hypothesis of β = 0.