Fig. 1. Some notable public measures outside the medical care realm that have significantly improved population health.
These measures included quarantine during Black Death epidemic95, hygiene and social distancing in the Crimean war62, the building of mountain sanatoria to cure TB96–98, the implementation of a sewage system to overcome London’s Great stink63,64, and the introduction of water filtration and chlorination systems/technologies to clean potable water in the USA99.