TABLE 5.

Shows the diseases that have been studied using iPSCs.

IPSC	Diseases	Key findings	Key molecules	Signalling pathway involve	Animal model	References
iPSC-derived dopaminergic progenitor cells	Parkinson’s disease	No tumorigenicity and toxicity of cells. Rats lesioned with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) exhibited improved behaviour when treated with DAPs	As dopaminergic progenitors (DAPs) cells mature and become DA neurons, they generate dopamine, which improves the abnormal behavior of 6-OHDA-lesioned rats	N/A	NOG mice	Doi et al. (2020)
Human Induced-pluripotent Stem-cell–derived Cardiac Cells	Myocardial infarction	hCMP transplantation has been shown to be associated with significant improvements in lentiviral vector function, infarct size, myocardial wall stress, myocardial hypertrophy, and reduced apoptosis in the peri-scar boarder zone. A hCMP transplant also reversed some phosphorylation changes of sarcomeric regulation proteins resulting from MI. hCMP exosomes showed cytoprotective properties that promoted cardiomyocyte survival	Exosomes released from hCMP reduce myocyte apoptosis in vitro. They may carry paracrine factors that contribute to proliferation and angiogenesis	N/A	Porcine or pig	Gao et al. (2018)
Human Induced-pluripotent Stem-cell-Derived Hepatocytes	MtDNA depletion syndrome	DGUOK-deficient hepatocyte cells responded to NAD by activating the gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC1 α).ATP production was also enhanced by NAD treatment in MTDPS3-null rats and in hepatocyte-like cells lacking ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase subunit M2B (RRM2B)	NAD acts as a lead drug that maintains mitochondrial function and restores ATP without decreasing the MtDNA copy number	NAD homeostasis plays a vital role in cellular energy metabolism	DGUOK deficient rats	(R. Jing et al., 2018)
			NAD precursors, such as nicotinamide and nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), help to increase the NAD+ level
Human Induced-pluripotent stem-cell-derived neural progenitor cells (iPSC-NSCs)	Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)	Compared with the control group, iPSC-NPCs differentiated into neurons that replaced the loss of hippocampus neurons, and their transplantation increased the expression of glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) and NeuN levels. NPC transplantation produced neurotrophic effects and improved behavior outcomes in cerebrovascular diseases. iPSC-NPC transplantation could induce neurogenesis and increased expression of BDNF in the hippocampus	The glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) maintains the mechanical strength of the astrocytic processes, and it thickens them and elongates them	N/A	Male Sprague-Dawley rats	(Q. Liu et al., 2021)
			BDNF acts as both a neurotrophic and a neuroprotector, which makes it an important modulator of the acute response to neurotrauma