TABLE 2.
Associations of glucosamine supplement use with cancer mortality.
| Cancer type | Glucosamine non-users | Glucosamine users | Basic model* |
Adjusted model# |
||
| HR/IRR (95% CI) | P-value | HR/IRR (95% CI) | P-value | |||
| Overall cancer | 7,600 (2.08) | 1,766 (2.00) | 0.87 (0.83–0.92) | <0.01 | 0.95 (0.90–1.00) | 0.05 |
| Bladder cancer | 224 (0.06) | 45 (0.05) | 0.78 (0.57–1.08) | 0.13 | 0.86 (0.62–1.20) | 0.38 |
| Brain cancer | 485 (0.13) | 127 (0.14) | 1.03 (0.84–1.25) | 0.78 | 1.09 (0.89–1.34) | 0.40 |
| Breast cancer | 365 (0.10) | 110 (0.12) | 1.01 (0.81–1.25) | 0.96 | 1.03 (0.82–1.29) | 0.79 |
| Colon cancer | 525 (0.14) | 127 (0.14) | 0.90 (0.74–1.09) | 0.27 | 0.90 (0.74–1.11) | 0.33 |
| Connective softTissue cancer | 66 (0.02) | 28 (0.03) | 1.59 (1.02–2.50) | 0.04 | 1.59 (1.00–2.52) | 0.05 |
| Esophagus cancer | 495 (0.14) | 98 (0.11) | 0.82 (0.66–1.02) | 0.07 | 0.94 (0.75–1.17) | 0.58 |
| HeadNeck cancer | 116 (0.03) | 16 (0.02) | 0.65 (0.38–1.10) | 0.10 | 0.70 (0.41–1.20) | 0.19 |
| Kidney cancer | 255 (0.07) | 43 (0.05) | 0.65 (0.47–0.90) | 0.01 | 0.68 (0.49–0.95) | 0.02 |
| Lung cancer | 1,892 (0.52) | 339 (0.38) | 0.68 (0.60–0.76) | <0.01 | 0.84 (0.74–0.95) | 0.00 |
| Lymphoma hematopoietic cancer | 718 (0.20) | 211 (0.24) | 1.07 (0.92–1.25) | 0.38 | 1.13 (0.96–1.32) | 0.15 |
| Malignant melanoma cancer | 135 (0.04) | 27 (0.03) | 0.79 (0.52–1.20) | 0.27 | 0.84 (0.55–1.28) | 0.41 |
| Ovary cancer | 317 (0.17) | 105 (0.19) | 1.00 (0.80–1.25) | 0.98 | 1.05 (0.83–1.32) | 0.67 |
| Prostate cancer | 455 (0.26) | 85 (0.25) | 0.81 (0.64–1.02) | 0.07 | 0.82 (0.65–1.05) | 0.11 |
| Rectum cancer | 410 (0.11) | 76 (0.09) | 0.75 (0.58–0.96) | 0.02 | 0.76 (0.59–0.98) | 0.04 |
| Skin cancer | 20 (0.01) | 4 (0.00) | 0.78 (0.26–2.31) | 0.65 | 0.97 (0.32–2.93) | 0.96 |
| Stomach cancer | 271 (0.07) | 61 (0.07) | 0.89 (0.67–1.18) | 0.41 | 0.96 (0.72–1.29) | 0.81 |
| Thyroid cancer | 16 (0.00) | 4 (0.00) | 0.80 (0.27–2.42) | 0.69 | 0.79 (0.26–2.46) | 0.69 |
| Uterus cancer | 109 (0.06) | 31 (0.06) | 0.84 (0.56–1.25) | 0.38 | 0.84 (0.56–1.27) | 0.41 |
*Basic model: adjusted for age, gender, ethnicity, and average total household income.
#Adjusted model: adjusted for age, gender, ethnic background, average total household income, obesity, physical activity, current smoking, alcohol intake, minerals supplementation, fruit intake, vegetable intake, processed meat intake, red meat intake, aspirin use, NSAIDS use, chondroitin use, and vitamin use