Table 1.
Cargoes of TDEVs in promoting the polarization of macrophages.
| Cargo | Cancer type | Mechanism | Polarization | References | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| miRNAs | miR-21 | Bladder cancer | PI3K/AKT pathway | M2 | (63) |
| miR-25-3p, miR-130b-3p, miR-425-5p | CRC | PTEN/PI3K/AKT pathway | M2 | (64) | |
| miR-301a-3p | Esophageal squamous cancer | PTEN/PI3K/AKT pathway | M2 | (65) | |
| miR-222 | Adriamycin-resistant breast cancer | PTEN/PI3K/AKT pathway | M2 | (66) | |
| miR-19b-3p | Lung adenocarcinoma | Hippo pathway | M2 | (67) | |
| miR-423-3p | Cervical cancer | Blocking the expression of CDK4 mRNA | M2 | (68) | |
| miR-21 | Hypoxic tumor cells, HNSCC, bladder cancer | – | M2 | (63, 69, 70) | |
| miR-138-5p | Breast cancer | Inhibiting KDM6B expression | M2 | (71) | |
| miR-770 | NCSLC | Targeting MAP3K1 | M1 | (72) | |
| miR-130 | Breast cancer | M2 macrophages reprogramming | M1 | (73) | |
| miR-9 | HPV + HNSCC | – | M1 | (74) | |
| lncRNAs | PCAT6 | NSCLC | – | M2 | (75) |
| ARSR | Renal cell carcinoma | STST3 pathway | M2 | (76) | |
| HMMR-AS1 | HCC | MiR-147a/ARID3A axis | M2 | (77) | |
| TP73-AS1 | Nasopharyngeal carcinoma | Binding with miR-342-3p | M2 | (78) | |
| FGD5-AS1 | Pancreatic cancer | STAT3/NF-κB pathway | M2 | (79) | |
| ELFN1-AS1 | Osteosarcoma | Sponging miR-138-5p and miR-1291 | M2 | (80) | |
| HCG18 | Gastric cancer | Sponging miR-875-3p | M2 | (81) | |
| circRNAs | hsa-circ-0048117 | Esophageal squamous cancer | Sponging miR-140 | M2 | (82) |
| hsa_circ_0017252 | Gastric cancer | Sponging miR-17-5p | M2 | (83) | |
| circFARSA | NSCLC | PTEN/PI3K/AKT pathway | M2 | (84) | |
| circ_0001142 | Breast cancer | Circ_0001142/miR-361-3p/PIK3CB pathway | M2 | (85) | |
| circPVT1 | Lung cancer | MiR-124-3p/EZH2 axis | M2 | (86) | |
| circSAFB2 | Renal cell carcinoma | MiR-620/JAK1/STAT3 axis | M2 | (87) | |
| circNEIL3 | Glioma | Stabilizing IGF2BP3 | M2 | (88) | |
| protein | CSF-1, MCP-1/CCL2, EMAP2/AIMP1 and LTA4H | Melanoma, skin squamous cell carcinoma and lung cancer | – | M2 | (89) |
| gp130 | Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma | STAT3 pathway | M2 | (90) | |
| leptin | Gallbladder cancer | STAT3 pathway | M2 | (91) | |
| PTPRO | Breast cancer | STAT3 pathway | M1 | (92) | |
| RNF126 | Nasopharyngeal carcinoma | PTEN/PI3K/AKT pathway | M2 | (93) | |
| ANLN | HNSCC | PTEN/PI3K/AKT pathway | M2 | (94) | |
| TIM-3 | Osteosarcoma | Increases the expression of N-cadherin and Vimentin, decreases E-cadherin expression | M2 | (95) | |
| Melanoma | – | M2 | (96) | ||
| PD-L1 | Oral squamous carcinoma cells |
Up-regulate the expression of PD-L1 | M2 | (97) | |
| ICAM-1 | PDAC | – | M2 | (98) | |
| CXCL14 | Prostate cancer | NF-κB pathway | M2 | (99, 100) | |
| αvβ6 | Prostate cancer | – | M2 | (101) | |
| αvβ6 negative | Prostate cancer | – | Prevent M2 polarization | (101) | |