Table 1.
Associations of perceived posttraumatic growth (Wave 2) with subsequent outcome variables (Wave 3).
| Outcomes | Overall perceived posttraumatic growth β [95% CI] | Perceived posttraumatic growth dimensions | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Relating to others β [95% CI] | New opportunities β [95% CI] | Personal strength β [95% CI] | Spiritual change β [95% CI] | Appreciation of life β [95% CI] | ||
| Psychological well-being | ||||||
| Mental health | 0.19** [0.10, 0.29] | 0.16** [0.07, 0.25] | 0.16** [0.07, 0.26] | 0.19** [0.10, 0.29] | 0.16** [0.06, 0.26] | 0.11* [0.02, 0.20] |
| Meaning in life | 0.24** [0.15, 0.34] | 0.19** [0.10, 0.28] | 0.22** [0.13, 0.31] | 0.25** [0.16, 0.34] | 0.18** [0.08, 0.28] | 0.16** [0.07, 0.25] |
| Sense of purpose | 0.23** [0.13, 0.32] | 0.18** [0.09, 0.27] | 0.21** [0.12, 0.30] | 0.21** [0.12, 0.30] | 0.13* [0.03, 0.23] | 0.14** [0.05, 0.23] |
| Happiness | 0.09 [−0.01, 0.19] | 0.11* [0.01, 0.20] | 0.07 [−0.03, 0.17] | 0.09 [−0.01, 0.19] | 0.02 [−0.09, 0.12] | 0.09 [−0.01, 0.18] |
| Life satisfaction | 0.17** [0.07, 0.27] | 0.14** [0.05, 0.24] | 0.16** [0.06, 0.26] | 0.18** [0.08, 0.27] | 0.09 [−0.02, 0.19] | 0.13* [0.04, 0.22] |
| Psychological distress | ||||||
| Anxiety symptoms | −0.12* [−0.22, −0.02] | −0.11* [−0.20, −0.02] | −0.12* [−0.22, −0.03] | −0.16** [−0.25, −0.06] | −0.01 [−0.11, 0.09] | −0.11* [−0.20, −0.02] |
| Depression symptoms | −0.13* [−0.23, −0.03] | −0.12* [−0.21, −0.02] | −0.15** [−0.25, −0.05] | −0.16** [−0.25, −0.06] | −0.03 [−0.13, 0.07] | −0.11* [−0.20, −0.02] |
| Subjective suffering | −0.16** [−0.26, −0.06] | −0.14* [−0.23, −0.04] | −0.16** [−0.26, −0.06] | −0.21** [−0.30, −0.11] | −0.08 [−0.19, 0.02] | −0.08 [−0.18, 0.02] |
| Social well-being | ||||||
| Content with relationships | 0.23** [0.13, 0.32] | 0.18** [0.09, 0.28] | 0.22** [0.13, 0.32] | 0.28** [0.19, 0.37] | 0.11* [0.01, 0.22] | 0.13* [0.03, 0.22] |
| Satisfying relationships | 0.16** [0.06, 0.25] | 0.15** [0.06, 0.25] | 0.14* [0.04, 0.24] | 0.20** [0.10, 0.29] | 0.03 [−0.07, 0.14] | 0.08 [−0.01, 0.18] |
| Loneliness | −0.08 [−0.18, 0.01] | −0.12* [−0.22, −0.03] | −0.09 [−0.18, 0.01] | −0.12* [−0.21, −0.02] | −0.05 [−0.15, 0.05] | −0.01 [−0.11, 0.08] |
| Physical well-being | ||||||
| Physical health | 0.21** [0.12, 0.31] | 0.18** [0.09, 0.27] | 0.17** [0.07, 0.26] | 0.22** [0.13, 0.32] | 0.20** [0.10, 0.30] | 0.11* [0.02, 0.20] |
| Sleep quality | 0.19** [0.09, 0.29] | 0.23** [0.14, 0.32] | 0.19** [0.10, 0.29] | 0.20** [0.10, 0.30] | 0.13* [0.02, 0.23] | 0.12* [0.02, 0.21] |
| Character strengths | ||||||
| State hope | 0.25** [0.15, 0.35] | 0.19** [0.10, 0.28] | 0.21** [0.12, 0.31] | 0.26** [0.17, 0.36] | 0.13* [0.03, 0.24] | 0.16** [0.07, 0.26] |
| Trait forgivingness | 0.23** [0.13, 0.32] | 0.20** [0.11, 0.29] | 0.22** [0.12, 0.31] | 0.24** [0.15, 0.33] | 0.14* [0.04, 0.24] | 0.13* [0.04, 0.22] |
| Orientation to promote good | 0.23** [0.14, 0.32] | 0.19** [0.10, 0.28] | 0.23** [0.14, 0.33] | 0.23** [0.14, 0.32] | 0.12* [0.02, 0.23] | 0.15** [0.05, 0.24] |
| Delayed gratification | 0.24** [0.14, 0.33] | 0.21** [0.12, 0.30] | 0.22** [0.12, 0.31] | 0.26** [0.16, 0.35] | 0.12* [0.01, 0.22] | 0.15** [0.05, 0.24] |
Note: β, standardized estimate; CI, confidence interval. n = 636 for all analyses. In separate models, ordinary least squares regressions were used to regress each outcome assessed in Wave 3 on overall perceived posttraumatic growth (and each dimension of perceived posttraumatic growth) assessed in Wave 2. All models adjusted for sex, age, household income, marital status, religious status, frequency of religious service attendance, war survivor status, financial/material stability, and prior values of all outcomes assessed in Wave 1. Models with overall perceived posttraumatic growth as the exposure also adjusted for the prior value of overall perceived posttraumatic growth assessed in Wave 1. Models with one of the five perceived posttraumatic growth dimensions as the exposure also adjusted for prior values of all five dimensions of perceived posttraumatic growth assessed in Wave 1. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.003 (the p-value cut-off for Bonferroni correction of multiple tests for each outcome: 0.05/17 = 0.003).