Table 3.
Probit regression analysis and IV probit regression analysis of outpatient service utilization.
| Outpatient service utilization | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Visit (Y/N) | Number of outpatient visits (≥3 times) | |||
| Probit | IV Probit | Probit | IV Probit | |
| (i) | (ii) | (iii) | (iv) | |
| Smoking index (reference group: Never smoked) | ||||
| SI < 400 | 0.185** (0.060) | 0.165** (0.069) | 0.110 (0.084) | 0.221* (0.095) |
| SI≥400 | 0.107 (0.056) | 0.091 (0.089) | 0.075 (0.085) | 0.272* (0.127) |
| Age | 0.008*** (0.002) | 0.008*** (0.002) | 0.017*** (0.003) | 0.017*** (0.003) |
| Gender (reference group: Female) | ||||
| Male | 0.025 (0.047) | 0.044 (0.046) | 0.172** (0.071) | 0.189** (0.072) |
| Education level (reference group: Illiterate) | ||||
| Primary school | −0.051 (0.067) | −0.081 (0.067) | 0.043 (0.075) | −0.008 (0.089) |
| Middle school | −0.084 (0.069) | −0.159 (0.068) | −0.069 (0.080) | −0.016 (0.095) |
| High school/junior college | −0.133 (0.081) | −0.319 (0.078) | −0.125 (0.098) | 0.058 (0.118) |
| University/college and above | −0.150 (0.097) | −0.447 (0.090) | −0.203 (0.127) | 0.071 (0.147) |
| Marital status (reference group: Single) | ||||
| Married | −0.171 (0.130) | −0.154 (0.126) | 0.026 (0.155) | −0.023 (0.175) |
| Divorced/widowed | −0.003 (0.143) | −0.051 (0.139) | −0.025 (0.168) | −0.153 (0.191) |
| Residence location (reference group: Rural) | ||||
| Urban | −0.376*** (0.048) | −0.255*** (0.049) | −0.027 (0.062) | −0.033 (0.072) |
| Lnincome | −0.019 (0.023) | −0.025 (0.023) | −0.042 (0.028) | −0.016 (0.029) |
| Work (reference group: No) | ||||
| Yes | 0.047* (0.045) | 0.042 (0.046) | −0.074 (0.063) | −0.073 (0.065) |
| Health insurance (reference group: No insurance) | ||||
| Insurance | −0.257 (0.137) | −0.255 (0.132) | −0.232*** (0.054) | −0.518*** (0.180) |
| Health status (reference group: No chronic disease) | ||||
| 1 | 0.652*** (0.044) | 0.652*** (0.044) | 0.738*** (0.051) | 0.514*** (0.063) |
| Drink (reference group: no drink) | ||||
| Drink | −0.123* (0.047) | −0.122* (0.047) | −0.083 (0.060) | 0.028 (0.072) |
| _cons | −0.031 (0.324) | −0.041 (0.329) | −0.776 (0.492) | −0.842* (0.441) |
| N | 4,733 | 4,733 | 4,733 | 4,733 |
Standard errors in parentheses. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.