Table 1. Overview of Statistical Results for Direct and Indirect Change.
| Direct change |
Indirect change |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Situation / Effect | F | p | η2 | Effect | F | p | η2 |
| Outdoor public area w/o people | |||||||
| Time | 41.32 | < .001 | .011 | Group | 0.34 | .710 | .002 |
| Group | 1.43 | .232 | .002 | ||||
| Time*Group | 2.80 | .095 | < .001 | ||||
| Indoor public area w/o people | |||||||
| Time | 72.25 | < .001 | .024 | Group | 0.02 | .997 | < .001 |
| Group | 6.12 | .014 | .008 | ||||
| Time*Group | 0.88 | .349 | < .001 | ||||
| Being alone in unknown area | |||||||
| Time | 37.33 | < .001 | .003 | Group | 0.32 | .729 | .002 |
| Group | 0.10 | .755 | < .001 | ||||
| Time*Group | 0.67 | .413 | < .001 | ||||
| Taking bus | |||||||
| Time | 408.01 | < .001 | .188 | Group | 28.32 | < .001 | .160 |
| Group | 7.80 | .005 | .007 | ||||
| Time*Group | 4.79 | .029 | .002 | ||||
| Taking train | |||||||
| Time | 342.30 | < .001 | .174 | Group | 19.30 | < .001 | .115 |
| Group | 8.17 | .004 | .007 | ||||
| Time*Group | 4.80 | .029 | .002 | ||||
| Supermarkets | |||||||
| Time | 352.66 | < .001 | .173 | Group | 22.33 | < .001 | .131 |
| Group | 6.20 | .013 | .006 | ||||
| Time*Group | 4.64 | .032 | .002 | ||||
| Cinema/theater | |||||||
| Time | 390.67 | < .001 | .194 | Group | 32.62 | < .001 | .180 |
| Group | 4.71 | .030 | .004 | ||||
| Time*Group | 12.86 | < .001 | .006 | ||||
| Shopping mall | |||||||
| Time | 357.68 | < .001 | .170 | Group | 25.31 | < .001 | .146 |
| Group | 6.10 | .014 | .006 | ||||
| Time*Group | 9.39 | .002 | .004 | ||||
| Restaurant | |||||||
| Time | 364.73 | < .001 | .197 | Group | 20.82 | < .001 | .123 |
| Group | 1.49 | .223 | .001 | ||||
| Time*Group | 9.45 | .002 | .005 | ||||
| Waiting in line | |||||||
| Time | 311.01 | < .001 | .149 | Group | 18.66 | < .001 | .112 |
| Group | 10.23 | .001 | .010 | ||||
| Time*Group | 0.68 | .409 | < .001 | ||||
| Talking to others | |||||||
| Time | 222.51 | < .001 | .071 | Group | 6.12 | .002 | .040 |
| Group | 15.43 | < .001 | .019 | ||||
| Time*Group | 0.03 | .865 | < .001 | ||||
| Outdoor public area w/o people | |||||||
| Time | 283.91 | < .001 | .106 | Group | 15.37 | < .001 | .094 |
| Group | 16.99 | < .001 | .019 | ||||
| Time*Group | 8.17 | .004 | .003 | ||||
| Indoor public area w/o people | |||||||
| Time | 398.88 | < .001 | .167 | Group | 22.48 | < .001 | .131 |
| Group | 15.08 | < .001 | .015 | ||||
| Time*Group | 8.28 | .004 | .003 | ||||
Note. The factor Time refers to the within-subject factor for ratings before (retrospective) vs. during pandemic. The factor Group refers to community vs. patient sample (direct change) or pre-COVID vs. community vs. patient sample (indirect change).