Table 2. Acid Suppressant Use and Neurocognitive, Neurodevelopmental, and Psychiatric Outcomes Among 889 Children Assessed at Age 10 Years.
| Outcomes | Acid suppressant use at ≤24 mo of age, No. (%) | z Score | RR (95% CI) | aRR (95% CI)a | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| None | Any | β (95% CI) | Adjusted β (95% CI)a | |||
| DAS-II verbal IQ | ||||||
| ≤−2 | 70 (13.6) | 80 (22.4) | −0.43 (−0.63 to −0.23) | −0.34 (−0.52 to −0.15) | NA | NA |
| >−2 to ≤−1 | 94 (18.3) | 69 (19.3) | ||||
| >−1 to ≤1 | 309 (60.1) | 184 (51.5) | ||||
| >1 | 41 (8.0) | 24 (6.7) | ||||
| DAS-II nonverbal IQ | ||||||
| ≤−2 | 60 (11.7) | 70 (19.5) | −0.31 (−0.49 to −0.12) | −0.22 (−0.39 to −0.05) | NA | NA |
| >−2 to ≤−1 | 117 (22.8) | 96 (26.7) | ||||
| >−1 to ≤1 | 312 (60.7) | 173 (48.2) | ||||
| >1 | 25 (4.9) | 20 (5.6) | ||||
| DAS-II full-scale IQ | ||||||
| ≤−2 | 64 (12.5) | 71 (19.9) | −0.38 (−0.56 to −0.19) | −0.29 (−0.45 to −0.12) | NA | NA |
| >−2 to ≤−1 | 85 (16.6) | 79 (22.1) | ||||
| >−1 to ≤1 | 346 (67.4) | 192 (53.8) | ||||
| >1 | 18 (3.5) | 15 (4.2) | ||||
| DAS-II Working Memory | ||||||
| ≤−2 | 75 (14.7) | 81 (22.6) | −0.36 (−0.56 to −0.16) | −0.26 (−0.45 to −0.08) | NA | NA |
| >−2 to ≤−1 | 86 (16.8) | 67 (18.7) | ||||
| >−1 to ≤1 | 332 (64.8) | 196 (54.8) | ||||
| >1 | 19 (3.7) | 14 (3.9) | ||||
| NEPSY-II Inhibition Inhibition | ||||||
| ≤−2 | 153 (30.5) | 134 (38.3) | −0.27 (−0.44 to −0.10) | −0.22 (−0.38 to −0.05) | NA | NA |
| >−2 to ≤−1 | 121 (24.1) | 78 (22.3) | ||||
| >−1 to ≤1 | 206 (41.0) | 131 (37.4) | ||||
| >1 | 22 (4.4) | 7 (2.0) | ||||
| NEPSY-II Inhibition Switching | ||||||
| ≤−2 | 120 (24.3) | 110 (31.9) | −0.17 (−0.35 to 0) | −0.10 (−0.26 to 0.07) | NA | NA |
| >−2 to ≤−1 | 149 (30.2) | 94 (27.3) | ||||
| >−1 to ≤1 | 192 (39.0) | 119 (34.5) | ||||
| >1 | 32 (6.5) | 22 (6.4) | ||||
| Neurocognitive function composite | ||||||
| Normal | 181 (35.1) | 119 (33.2) | NA | NA | 1.57 (1.25 to 1.97) | 1.40 (1.13 to 1.74) |
| Low normal | 232 (45.0) | 128 (35.8) | ||||
| Moderate | 74 (14.3) | 71 (19.8) | ||||
| Severe | 29 (5.6) | 40 (11.2) | ||||
| Autism spectrum disorder | 24 (4.7) | 37 (10.6) | NA | NA | 2.18 (1.37 to 3.49) | 1.84 (1.15 to 2.95) |
| Epilepsy | 25 (4.8) | 41 (11.2) | NA | NA | 2.29 (1.42 to 3.69) | 2.07 (1.31 to 3.27) |
| ADHD | 91 (17.6) | 61 (17.1) | NA | NA | 0.95 (0.71 to 1.28) | 0.91 (0.68 to 1.21) |
| Anxiety | 78 (15.1) | 54 (15.1) | NA | NA | 1.03 (0.75 to 1.43) | 0.98 (0.71 to 1.35) |
| Depression | 35 (6.8) | 24 (6.7) | NA | NA | 1.10 (0.67 to 1.82) | 1.10 (0.66 to 1.83) |
Abbreviations: ADHD, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; aRR, adjusted relative risk; DAS-II, School-Age Differential Ability Scales–II; NA, not applicable; NEPSY-II, Developmental Neuropsychological Assessment, second edition; RR, relative risk.
a
Adjusted for insurance, maternal education, sex, white matter damage, and chronic lung disease (multiple imputation was used for missing covariates).