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. 2022 Nov 15;11:241. doi: 10.1186/s13643-022-02096-y

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 3 — Venn diagram indicating the number of studies that investigated the following questionable research practices; “Justification”—authors do not use the results of a systematic and transparent collection of earlier similar studies when justifying a new study; “Design”—authors do not use the results of a systematic and transparent collection of earlier similar studies when designing a new study; and “Context”—authors do not systematically and transparently place new results in the context of existing evidence, and any combinations thereof. Ten of the studies investigating whether authors use the results of a systematic and transparent collection of earlier similar studies when justifying a new study also evaluated whether authors of a scientific study referred to all earlier similar studies. One of the six studies in the middle section also investigated whether authors used the results of a systematic and transparent collection of the new research projects’ end user’s perspectives to inform the justification and design of the new study