. 2022 Nov 15;11:241. doi: 10.1186/s13643-022-02096-y

Table 2.

Characteristics of included studies

Author and year	Country¹	Health Field²	Data material	Measures
Antman 1992 [7]	USA	Circulation and breathing	Primary studies	Redundancy
Ban 2017 [8]	UK	Circulation and breathing	Primary studies and researchers	Use of the EBR approach (JUST, SIM)^a
Baum 1981	USA	Abdomen and endocrine	Primary studies	Redundancy
Bauman 2017	Australia	Public health and health systems	Primary studies	Redundancy
Bhurke 2015	UK	No specific medical specialty	Proposal funding	Use of the EBR approach (JUST, DESIGN)^a
Blanco-Silvente 2019	Spain	Mental health and neuroscience	Primary studies	Redundancy
Bolland 2018	New Zealand	Musculoskeletal, oral, skin, and sensory	Primary studies	Redundancy
Bolland 2018 (part 2)	New Zealand	Musculoskeletal, oral, skin, and sensory	Primary studies	Use of the EBR approach (JUST, DESIGN)^a
Brockington 2017	UK	Mental health and neuroscience	Primary studies	Use of the EBR approach (JUST, SIM)^a
Chalmers 1996	USA	Children and families	Primary studies	Redundancy
Chapman 2019	UK	No specific medical specialty	Primary studies	Use of the EBR approach (DESIGN)^a
Chiu 2021	USA	Cancer	Primary studies	Redundancy
Chow 2017	Canada	No specific medical specialty	Primary studies	Use of the EBR approach (JUST)^a
Chow 2019	Canada	Cancer	Primary studies	Redundancy
Chow 2020	Canada	Cancer	Primary studies	Redundancy
Clarke M 2002	UK	No specific medical specialty	Primary studies	Use of the EBR approach (CONTXT)^a
Clarke M 2014	UK	No specific medical specialty	Systematic reviews	Redundancy
Clarke M 1998 [3]	UK	No specific medical specialty	Primary studies	Use of the EBR approach (CONTXT)^a
Clarke M 2007	UK	No specific medical specialty	Primary studies	Use of the EBR approach (JUST, DESIGN, CONTXT)^a
Clarke M 2010	UK	No specific medical specialty	Primary studies	Use of the EBR approach (DESIGN, CONTXT)^a
Clarke M 2013	UK	No specific medical specialty	Primary studies	Use of the EBR approach (JUST, DESIGN, CONTXT)^a
Clayton 2017	UK	No specific medical specialty	Researchers (Conference delegates)	Use of the EBR approach (JUST, DESIGN, CONTXT)^a
Conde-Taboada 2014 [10]	Spain	Musculoskeletal, oral, skin, and sensory	Primary studies	Use of the EBR approach (JUST)^a
Coomarasamy 2006	UK	Children and families	Primary studies	Redundancy
Cooper 2005	UK	No specific medical specialty	Researchers	Use of the EBR approach (DESIGN)^a
De Meulemeester 2018	Canada	No specific medical specialty	Primary studies	Use of the EBR approach (JUST)^a
Engelking 2018	Croatia	Acute and emergency care	Primary studies	Use of the EBR approach (JUST)^a
Fergusson 2005	Canada	Circulation and breathing	Primary studies	Redundancy Use of the EBR approach (JUST, SIM)^a
Fergusson 2018 [18]	Canada	No specific medical specialty	Primary studies	Use of the EBR approach (END-USER)^a
Goudie 2010	UK	No specific medical specialty	Primary studies	Use of the EBR approach (JUST, DESIGN, CONTXT)^a
Habre 2014 [19]	Switzerland	Musculoskeletal, oral, skin, and sensory	Primary studies	Redundancy (due to design error) Use of the EBR approach (DESIGN)^a
Helfer 2015	Germany	No specific medical specialty	Systematic reviews	Use of the EBR approach (JUST, SIM, CONTXT)^a
Henderson 1995	USA	Circulation and breathing	Primary studies	Redundancy
Hoderlein 2017 [20]	Germany	Various sciences including healthcare	Primary studies	Use of the EBR approach (JUST, CONTXT)^a
Ivers 2014	Canada	Public health and health systems	Primary studies	Redundancy
Jia 2021 [21]	USA	Circulation and breathing	Primary studies	Redundancy
Johnson 2020	USA	Acute and emergency care	Primary studies	Use of the EBR approach (JUST)^a
Jones 2013	UK	No specific medical specialty	Proposal funding	Use of the EBR approach (JUST, DESIGN)^a
Joseph 2018.	Australia	No specific medical specialty	Protocol RECs	Use of the EBR approach (JUST)^a
Jüni 2004	Switzerland	Circulation and breathing	Primary studies	Redundancy
Ker 2012	UK	Circulation and breathing	Primary studies	Redundancy
Ker 2015 [22]	UK	Musculoskeletal, oral, skin, and sensory	Primary studies	Redundancy Use of the EBR approach (JUST)^a
Lau 1992 [6]	USA	Circulation and breathing	Primary studies	Redundancy
Love 2018	UK	Public health and health systems	Primary studies	Redundancy
Murad 2017	Switzerland	No specific medical specialty	Primary studies	Redundancy
Paludan-Muller 2019	Denmark	No specific medical specialty	Protocol RECs	Use of the EBR approach (JUST, DESIGN)^a
Pandis 2016 [12]	Switzerland	No specific medical specialty	Published protocols	Use of the EBR approach (JUST, DESIGN)^a
Park 2017	Korea	Cancer	Systematic reviews	Redundancy (overlapping meta-analyses) Use of the EBR approach (JUST, SIM)^a
Poolman 2007	The Netherlands	Acute and emergency care	Primary studies	Redundancy
Rauh 2020	USA	Children and families	Primary studies	Use of the EBR approach (JUST)^a
Riaz 2016	USA	No specific medical specialty	Systematic reviews	Redundancy (overlapping meta-analyses)
Robinson 2014	USA	No specific medical specialty	Primary studies	Use of the EBR approach (JUST, SIM)^a
Robinson 2011 [14]	USA	No specific medical specialty	Primary studies	Use of the EBR approach (JUST, SIM)^a
Rosenthal 2017	Switzerland	No specific medical specialty	Primary studies	Use of the EBR approach (JUST, DESIGN, CONTXT)
Ross 2009	USA	Circulation and breathing	Primary studies	Redundancy
Sawin 2016	USA	Circulation and breathing	Primary studies	Use of the EBR approach (JUST, SIM)^a
Seehra 2021	UK	Musculoskeletal, oral, skin, and sensory	Primary studies	Use of the EBR approach (JUST)^a
Shepard 2021	USA	Abdomen and endocrine	Primary studies	Use of the EBR approach (JUST)^a
Sheth 2011	Canada	Acute and emergency care	Primary studies	Use of the EBR approach (JUST, SIM)^a
Sigurdson 2020	USA	Public health and health systems	Systematic reviews	Redundancy (overlapping meta-analyses) Use of the EBR approach (JUST, SIM)^a
Sinclair 1995	Canada	Children and families	Primary studies	Redundancy
Siontis 2013	USA	No specific medical specialty	Systematic reviews	Redundancy (overlapping meta-analyses) Use of the EBR approach (JUST)^a
Smith 1997	UK	Circulation and breathing	Primary studies	Use of the EBR approach (DESIGN)^a
Storz-Pfennig 2017	Germany	No specific medical specialty	Systematic reviews	Redundancy
Torgerson 2020	USA	Musculoskeletal, oral, skin, and sensory	Primary studies	Use of the EBR approach (JUST)^a
Vergara-Merino 2021	Chile	No specific medical specialty	Primary studies	Redundancy
Verhagen 2019	The Netherlands	Musculoskeletal, oral, skin, and sensory	Primary studies	Redundancy
Walters 2020	USA	No specific medical specialty	Primary studies	Use of the EBR approach (JUST)^a
Whiting 1995	USA	Cancer	Primary studies	Redundancy

All references are listed in Additional file 1, additional material 11

^aQuestionable research practices evaluated:

JUST, authors do not use the results of a systematic and transparent collection of earlier similar studies when justifying a new study; SIM, authors of a scientific study do not refer to all earlier similar studies; DESIGN, authors do not use the results of a systematic and transparent collection of earlier similar studies when designing a new study; END-USER, authors do not use the results of a systematic and transparent collection of the new research projects’ end user’s perspectives to inform the justification and design of the new study; CONTXT, authors do not systematically and transparently place new results in the context of existing evidence