Figure 1.

Phenotypic sebaceous gland (SG) and modified sebaceous gland (MSG) abnormalities due to mitochondrial dysfunction. Representative images were taken of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) depleter mice after doxycycline diet induction showing. Representative time-course images of mice taken over 4, 6, and 8 months of doxycycline induction for control and mtDNA depleter mice. A: Eyelid images showing no changes in control mice over time, and mtDNA depleter mice showing loss of eyelashes with erythematous scaly irregular lid margins. B: The spectrum of cutaneous phenotypes suggestive of SG dysfunction observed in the mtDNA depleter mouse model, including the following: i) scaly erythematous skin, ii) yellow umbilicated papules (yellow arrow) on the face, iii) deposition of yellow plaques in stretched skin (yellow arrow), iv) erythema and scaling behind ears (yellow arrows) and v) inside the ear (yellow arrow), vi) erythematous neck flexure accompanied with ulceration (yellow arrow), and vii) swelling, erythema, and scaling on eyelid margins (yellow arrows). C: The spectrum of phenotypes suggestive of MSG dysfunction observed in the mtDNA depleter mouse model, comprising the following: i) swollen, erythematous eyelids with telangiectasia (yellow arrow), ii) erythematous and irregular lower lid margin (yellow arrow), iii) enlarged and erythematous upper and lower lips, iv) enlarged external clitoris (yellow arrow) that shows v) enlargement of clitoral glands on dissection and abscess formation (yellow oval) in female mice, and vi) enlargement of prepuce externally (yellow arrow) with vii) enlarged preputial glands on dissection in male mice (yellow arrows). D: Lip images show no differences in control mice over time, whereas mtDNA depleter mice show lip erythema and swelling. E: Swelling of the prepuce in male mtDNA depleter mice. F: Swelling of the clitoris in female mtDNA depleter mice.