Mechanisms of chloramphenicol deactivation in pathogenic Gram positive and Gram negative hosts.

Mechanism	Examples of hosts
Acetylation29	S. aureus, A. baumannii, E. faecium, H. influenzae and E. coli
Phosphorylation29,123	S. venezuelae
Hydrolysis29,124	S. venezuelae
Nitro reduction125	Bacteroides fragilis, Pseudomonas spp., Ralstonia spp., H. influenzae, N. meningitidis, possibly E. coli