Figure 7. Schematic illustration of the mechanisms underlying the immunomodulating effects of MSC-exosomes to induce Tregs for heart repair.
Uptake of exosomes induced Foxo3 activation via modulating PP2A/p-Akt/Foxo3 pathway. Foxo3 promoted expression and secretion of IL-10, IL-33, IL-34 by MHC-II+ APCs to establish a Treg-inducing niche in the MLN. Following myocardial deployment, Tregs orchestrate inflammation resolution and cardiac reparation.