Table 1.
Participant characteristics for transcutaneous and epidural stimulation studies focusing on autonomic, motor, or autonomic and motor outcomes
| Study [T or E] | Number of Participants | Gender | Age, Yr | Injury Duration, Yr | AIS Classification, n | Level of Injury | Study Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sachdeva et al. (23) [T1]† | 1 | 1 M | 37 | 3 | A | C4 | CR |
| Wu et al. (24) [T2]‡ | 13 | 10 M, 3 F | 21–65 | 1–20 | B:3, C:5, D:5 | C2–C8 | CS |
| Sayenko et al. (25) [T3]‡ | 15 | 12 M, 3 F | 23–53 | 2–13 | A:11 B:1 C:3 | C4–T12 | DBCO |
| Gad et al. (26) [T4]‡ | 6 | 5 M, 1 F | 20–62 | 1–21 | B:2, C:4 | C4:3, C6:2, C8:1 | CS |
| Phillips et al. (20) [T5]† | 5 | 4 M, 1 F | 23–32 | 3+ | A:3, B:2 | C5–C6, T2 | CS |
| Gad et al. (27) [T6]§ | 1 | 1 M | 35–40 | 7 | A | T9, L1 (V) | CRCO |
| Murray and Knikou (28) [T7]‡ | 1 | 1 M | 27 | 9 | C (UL), B (LL) | C6/C7 | CR |
| Shelyakin et al. (29) [T]‡ | 25 | N R | NR | NR, chronic | NR | NR | CS |
| Squair et al. (30) [E]† | 1 | 1 M | 38 | 1 | A | C5 | CR |
| Darrow et al. (31) [E]† | 2 | 2 F | 48, 52 | 5, 10 | A | T4, T8 | CS |
| Nightingale et al. (19) [E]† | 1 | 1 M | 33 | 5 | B | C5 | CR |
| Aslan et al. (32) [E]† | 7 | 7 M | 26.7 + 4.1 | 2–3.5 | A:4, B:3 | C5–T4 | PAR |
| DiMarco et al. (33) [E]§ | 1 | 1 M | 50 | 2 | NR | C4 | CR |
| Harkema et al. (15) [E]† | 4 | 3 M, 1 F | 24–35 | 3.8–8 | A:3, B:1 | C4 | CS |
| West et al. (34) [E]† | 1 | 1 M | Early 30s | Chronic, >1 | B | C5 | CR |
| Edgerton and Harkema (35) [E]‡ | 1 | 1 M | 23 | >3.5 | B | C7–T1 | CR |
| Ganley et al. (36) [E]‡ | 2 | 2 M | 43; 48 | 3.5; 8 | C | C5–C6, T8 | CS |
| Carhart et al. (37) [E]‡ | 1 | 1 M | 43 | 3.5 | C | C5–C6 | CR |
| Herman et al. (16) [E]‡ | 1 | 1 M | 43 | 3.5 | C | C5–C6 | CR |
Numbers 1 through 7 correspond to anode and cathode electrode positions as shown on the body image in Fig. 3A. All spinal levels are neurological level of injury, unless indicated otherwise with V for vertebral. n refers to number of persons with each American Spinal Injury Association impairment scale (AIS) classification when studies include multiple participants. †Autonomic outcome; ‡motor outcome; §autonomic and motor outcome. CR, case report; CRCO, case report, cross over design; CS, case series; DBCO, double blind crossover; E, epidural; LL, lower limbs; NR, not reported; PAR, parallel group design; T, transcutaneous; TSCS, transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation; UL, upper limbs; V, vertebral.