Table 1.

Active compounds in Bupleurum chinense DC-Paeonia lactiflora Pall herb pair inhibit inflammation and relieve oxidative stress.

Compound	Model	Animal species	Dosage	Behaviour involved	Mechanism of action/main indicators	References
Saikosaponin D	LPS	Male ICR mice	1 mg/kg	OFT, TST, FST, and SPT	Inhibition of microglia activation, the activity of TLR4/NF-κB pathway HMGB1 translocation, and proinflammatory cytokines ↓	[16]
Quercetin	CUMS	Male SD rat	0.75, 1.5 mg/kg	OFT, TST, and FST, SPT	NF-κB↓, FGF2↑, and miR-155↓	[18]
	OB	Female SWISS mice	10, 25, 50 mg/kg	FST, TST, OFT, and ST	LOOH↓	[20]
Kaempferol	CSDS	Male CD1 and C57 mice	10, 20 mg/kg	SPT, SIT, and TST	SOD↑, MDA↓, CAT↑, GPx↑, GST↑, P-AKT↑, and β-catenin↑	[21]
Caffeic acid	LPS	Male Swiss albino mice	30 mg/kg	OFT, FST, and TST	IL-6↓, MDA↓, GSH↑, and TNF-α↓	[22]
Ferulic acid	CORT	Male Swiss mice	1 mg/kg	TST, OFT, and ST	MDA↓, nitrite↓, and protein carbonylation↓	[23]
	CUMS	Male ICR mice	20,40, 80 mg/kg	SPT and TST	IL-1β,I L-6, TNF-α mRNA↓, NF-κB↓ P-NF-κB/NF-κB↓, and inhibition of PFC microglia activation	[24]
Gallic acid	BCCAO	Male balb/c mice	25, 50 mg/kg	TST and SPT	Antioxidant stress	[25]
Paeoniflorin	RESP/LSP/ATP	Male C57BL/6 Mice	10, 20, 40 mg/kg	OFT, TST, and FST	Dendritic spines in hippocampal CA1 region↑, NLRP3↓, CASP-11↓, CASP-1↓, GSDMD↓, IL-1β, and microglia activation ↓	[28]
	LPS	Male ICR mice	20, 40, 80 mg/kg	SPT and FST	FGF2↑, IL-6↓, TNF-α↓, TLR4↓, P-NF-κB↓, NLRP3↓, Cox-2↓, and dendritic spine density in CA3 area of hippocampus ↑	[29]
	Cuff	SPF male Balb/c mice	50, 100 mg/kg	SPT, FST, and TST	Inflammation in hippocampal CA3 area ↓, IL-6↓, TNF-α↓, IL-1↓, microglia activation ↓, and TLR4/NF-κB pathway ↓	[30]
	IFN-α	Male C57BL/6Jmice	10, 20, 40 mg/kg	SPT, OFT, TST, and FST	Serum, mPFC, vHi, and amygdala inflammation levels↓	[31]
	SLE	Wild type mice and MRL/MpJ-Faslpr/ 2 J (MRL/lpr) mice	20 mg/kg	SPT, TST, and FST	Activity of HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB pathway↓, serum, and hippocampus contents of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6↓	[32]

Notes: OFT: open field test; TST: tail suspension test; FST: forced swimming test; SPT: sucrose preference test; TLR4: Toll-like receptor 4; NF-κB: nuclear transcription factor-κB; HMGB1: High mobility group box 1; FGF2: fibroblast growth factor 2; LOOH: lipid hydroperoxides; SOD: Superoxide dismutase; MDA: malondialdehyde; CAT: catalase; GST: Glutathione S-transferase; AKT: serine/threonine protein kinase; IL-6: interleukin-6; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-α; NLRP3: nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3; CASP-11: Caspase-11; CASP-1: Caspase-1; GSDMD: Gasdermin D; IL-1β: interleukin-1β; TLR4: Toll-like receptor 4; LPS: lipopolysaccharide; CUMS: chronic unpredictable mild stress; OB: olfactory bulbectomy; CSDS: Chronic social stress defeat; CORT: cortisol; BCCAO: brain ischemia-reperfusion; ATP: adenosine triphosphate; IFN-α: Interferon-α; SLE: Systemic lupus erythematosus.