Table 1.
The comparison summary between the TA chain and current auditable systems (✓ means completely satisfied, 
means partly satisfied and (× means not satisfied.).
| Authors and year | privacy-preserving blockchain | Decentralized and fair auditing | Security and completeness auditing | Auditing way |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Liu et al. (2014) | × | × | |
Online & offline |
| Jin et al. (2018) | × | |
✓ | Public |
| Wang et al. (2017) | × | |
|
Online & offline |
| Rabaninejad et al. (2020) | × | × | |
Online & offline |
| Xue et al. (2019) | |
|
|
Public |
| Wang et al. (2019a) | ✓ | × | |
Public |
| Ruj et al. (2018) | |
|
|
– |
| Francati et al. (2021) | |
✓ | |
Offline |
| Yu et al. (2022) | |
|
|
Offline |
| Trusted auditing chain, 2022 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | Online |