Table 2.

The economic potential of different types of urban agriculture.

Location	UA concerns	Result(s)	References
Ruhr metropolis, Germany	Professional urban and peri-urban farms	•It is less likely to achieve success in densely populated municipalities where various adjustment strategies (e.g., provision of tourism services, using short distribution channels) are not implemented •Farm success is mainly dependent on the farm location thereby minimizing transport costs and offering convenience to the customers •Full-time farmers who are using appropriate adjustment strategies for farm development are more likely to achieve farm success in the long run	Sroka et al. (2019)
Galati, Romania	Integrated aquaponics system: Deep water culture (DWC) and Light expanded clay aggregate (LECA)	•LECA substrate aquaponic technique requires higher investment costs but generates higher income than the DWC technique •Electricity costs represent more than half of the total variable costs value, thus creating a great demand for renewable energy source alternatives	Petrea et al. (2016)
Sicily, Italy	Pilot aquatic plant producing lettuce and Nile tilapia	•Aquaponic farming yields positive operating income and benefit/cost ratio for the first year of experimental activity •Economic viability might be slightly more sensitive to revenue than its operational cost	Asciuto et al. (2019)
Arizona, US	Consumer behavior towards urban farming	•Consumers having subjective knowledge of UA and a favorable attitude towards urban farming increases the likelihood to purchase ​produce from urban farms and grow their own produce at urban farms	Grebitus et al. (2017)
European cities	Economic performance and self-sufficiency of urban gardening	•Most urban gardeners were not motivated ​mainly by ​profit, but of other factors such as safe and healthy food production, source of relaxation, environmental impact, and as a means of socializing •Albeit profit being of second importance, economic productivity of urban gardens can be compared to market production by a substantial amount	Glavan et al. (2018)
Bangkok, Thailand	Peri-urban farming systems (fish, shrimp, rice, and fruits)	•Despite having the highest costs among the four systems, shrimp farms remain to be the most profitable, yielding the highest income, net income per family worker, investment, and input costs	Vagneron (2007)