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. 2022 Nov 16;12:19694. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-24055-2

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Pooled estimate of the effect of (A) synthetic organic chemicals and (B) biological larvicides on Anopheles larval densities in rice fields. Five controlled time series studies on (A) synthetic organic chemicals and eight controlled time series on (B) biological larvicides were included, conducted between years 1975 and 2004. Squares represent the relative effectiveness of individual studies, where square size represents the weight given to the study in the meta-analysis, with error bars representing 95% CIs; diamonds represent the pooled effects from random effects (RE) sub-group and meta-analyses.