FIGURE 1.

C. albicans can interact with a variety of oral microbes, and these cross-kingdom interactions have been demonstrated involved in the pathogenesis of oral diseases for years, including dental caries, oral candidosis, endodontic disease, periodontitis, and other biofilm-related oral diseases. C. albicans can interact with oral bacteria via physical attachment through fungal cell walls (e.g., surface proteins and EPS), extracellular signals, metabolite cross-feeding, and environment changing.