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. 2022 Nov 16;12:19650. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-21882-1

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© The Author(s) 2022, corrected publication 2022

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RS1 reference at 10 kV average magnification (801 x) WD 14 mm (A) 50 Pa vacuum marked as 1—low charging. The image contrast is relatively homogeneous, and the image is relatively stable. (B) 20 Pa vacuum marked as 2—Medium charging. Some parts of the pictures are becoming bright or dark (red arrows), the image contrasts are less homogeneous, and the image is unstable. (C) 15 Pa vacuum marked as 3—High charging. Very bright or dark parts hiding details of the sample appear, the image contrast is inhomogeneous, and the image is highly unstable (drifting). The contrast manager cannot smooth the differences. RS1 reference at higher magnification (10 kx) (D) 50 Pa 1—low charging. Some parts are charging (organic and resin; uneven brightness (Fig. 1A), but the image quality stays acceptable. (E) 20 Pa 2—Medium charging. Most details are invisible due to the increasing uneven brightness and the contrast of the inorganic material increases (red arrows). The image drifting increases. (F) 15 Pa 3—High charging. The uneven brightness is now on all materials. Bright lines (horizontal arrows; Fig. 1B) and a blurred image can also be observed.