TABLE 1.
Summary of ongoing/completed trials of novel pharmacologic agents in bullous pemphigoid and other promising agents for consideration (in alphabetical order).
| Main therapeutic target(s) | Trade name(s) | Trial phase, masking (NCT number) | Status of trial |
| Ongoing/completed trials in bullous pemphigoid | |||
| Complement C1 | Sutimlimab | 1, Double (NCT02502903) (40) |
Completed |
| CCR3 | (AKST4290) | 2, Double (NCT04499235) (41) |
Completed |
| C5aR1 | Avdoralimab | 2, Open-label (NCT04563923) (42) |
Recruiting |
| Eotaxin-1 | Bertilimumab | 2, Open-label (NCT02226146) (43) |
Completed |
| IL-5 | Mepolizumab | 2, Double (NCT01705795) (44) |
Completed |
| IL-5Rα | Benralizumab | 3, Double (NCT04612790) (45) |
Recruiting |
| IL-23 | Tildrakizumab | 1, Open-label (NCT04465292) (46) |
Not yet recruiting |
| IL-4 and IL-13 | Dupilumab | 3, Double (NCT04206553) (22) |
Recruiting |
| IL-17A and IL-23 | Ixekizumab | 2, Open-label (NCT03099538) (47) |
Completed |
| IgE (with CD20) | Omalizumab (with Rituximab) | 3, Open-label (NCT04128176) (15) |
Not yet recruiting |
| Neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) | Efgartimod | 2/3, Double (NCT05267600) (53) |
Recruiting |
| To consider future research for potential use in bullous pemphigoid | |||
| IL-17A | Secukinumab | Evidence from case reports supports its use in bullous pemphigoid (48–50) | |
| Neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) | Nipocalimab | Evidence from clinical trials supports their use in IgG-mediated autoimmune disease (51, 52) | |