Table 10.
List of the best metrics of cardiac contractility for each/all animal models studied.
| Metrics | ANIMAL MODEL | Can be used in both small and large animal models | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||||||
| RATS | PIGS AND DOGS | ||||||||
|
| |||||||||
| Agreement* with metric from IVCO (ICC) | Load-independency | Diagnosing contractile dysfunction | Confirm as a metric of cardiac contractility | Agreement* with metric from IVCO (ICC) | Increase with inotropic stimulation | Decrease with HF | Confirm as a metric of cardiac contractility | ||
| Ees(IVC) vs. single-beat surrogates of Ees(IVC) | |||||||||
|
| |||||||||
| E es(SB1) | YES (0.510) | YES | YES | YES | NO (0.193) | YES | YES | NO | NO |
|
| |||||||||
| PRSW(IVC) vs. single-beat surrogates of PRSW(IVC) | |||||||||
|
| |||||||||
| PRSW (SB) | YES (0.631) | NO | YES | NO | NO (0.084) | YES | YES | NO | NO |
| PWR max -EDV | YES (0.637) | NO | YES | NO | YES (0.570) | NO | NO | NO | NO |
| PWR max -EDV 2 | YES (0.699) | NO | YES | NO | YES (0.537) | NO | YES | NO | NO |
| LVEF EA1 | YES (0.812) | YES | YES | YES | NO (0.330) | YES | YES | NO | NO |
|
| |||||||||
| dP/dtmax-EDV(IVC) vs. single-beat surrogates of dP/dtmax-EDV | |||||||||
|
| |||||||||
| LV dP/dt max -EDV | YES (0.700) | YES | YES | YES | YES (0.574) | YES | YES | YES | YES |
| P max -EDV | YES (0.845) | YES | YES | YES | YES (0.649) | YES | YES | YES | YES |
| LV ESP-EDV | YES (0.822) | YES | YES | YES | YES (0.670) | YES | YES | YES | YES |
|
| |||||||||
| Metrics obtained from arterial beat-by-beat baseline data | |||||||||
|
| |||||||||
| E es(SB2) | YES (0.522) | YES | YES | YES | NO (0.284) | YES | YES | NO | NO |
| ART dP/dt max -EDV | YES (0.758) | YES | YES | YES | NO (0.411) | YES | YES | NO | NO |
| ART ESP-EDV | YES (0.822) | YES | YES | YES | YES (0.585) | YES | YES | YES | YES |
| LVEF EA2 | YES (0.799) | YES | YES | YES | NO (0.034) | YES | YES | NO | NO |
Eyes(IVC), end-systolic elastance obtained from inferior vena cava occlusion (IVCO); PRSW(IVC), preload recruitable stork work obtained from IVCO; dP/dtmax-EDV(IVC), the relation between the maximal rate of rise of pressure and end-diastolic volume (EDV) obtained from IVCO; Ees(SB1), left ventricular (LV) end-systolic pressure (LVESP) and end-systolic volume (ESV) ratio; PRSW(SB), stroke work (SW) and EDV ratio; PWRmax-EDV, power max (PWRmax) and EDV ratio; PWRmax-EDV2, PWRmax and squared of EDV ratio; LVEFEA1, afterload adjusted LV ejection fraction using ventricular data LVdP/dtmax-EDV, the maximal rate of rise of the left ventricular pressure (LVdP/dtmax) and EDV ratio; Pmax-EDV, maximal pressure (Pmax) and EDV ratio; LVESP-EDV, LVESP and EDV ratio; Ees(SB2), arterial ESP (ARTESP, 0.9 × systolic blood pressure (SBP)) and ESV ratio; ARTdP/dtmax-EDV, the maximal rate of rise of the arterial pressure (ARTdP/dtmax) and EDV ratio; ARTESP-EDV, ARTESP and EDV ratio; LVEFEA2, afterload adjusted LV ejection fraction using arterial data.
at least moderate agreement with IVCO-derived reference measure was considered for this validation step.