Figure 4.

Differential gene expression in ascending colon biopsies of BAD and IBS-D without ABAM. Genes with increased mRNA expression in BAD are shown in green. The gene with decreased mRNA expression in BAD is shown in red. This summary of the detailed information in figure 3 and table 4 suggests that there is upregulation of markers of increased mucosal permeability, immune activation and inhibition of serine proteases. These three factors increase likelihood of mucosal damage and inflammation. ABAM, abnormal bile acid metabolism; BAD, bile acid diarrhoea; IBS-D, irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhoea