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. 2022 Nov 3;13:996166. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2022.996166

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Copyright © 2022 Xie, Zhen, Liu, Chen, Liu, Zhou, Zhou, Hu, Zhu, Huang, Zhang and Nie.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Dietary choline (1.2%) exacerbates cardiac dilation and dysfunction after 5/6 nephrectomy (5/6 Nx) in CD1 mice when compared with a control diet. (A) Schematic design of CKD animal model (5/6 Nx) and treatments (B) The serum level of TMAO. (C) The serum level of serum creatinine (Scr). (D) The serum level of blood urea nitrogen (BUN). (E) Representative M-mode echocardiograms for each group. (F–K) Echocardiographic quantification of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF %), LV fractional shortening (LVFS %), LV end-systolic volume (LVESV; in μL), LV end-diastolic volume (LVEDV; in μL), LV end-systolic diameter (LVESD; in mm), and LV end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD; in mm). The data are presented as the mean ± SD. ^* p < 0.05 and ^** p < 0.01 vs. SHAM group; ^# p < 0.05 and ^## p < 0.01 vs. CKD group. n = 6 in each group.