FIGURE 5.

RNA-sequencing analysis revealed that dietary choline (1.2%) affected cardiac angiogenesis in 5/6Nx mice (A) PCA results suggested good separation between the three groups. (B) Volcano plot of differentially expressed genes. X axis: log₂(FC); Y axis: -log₁₀ P. Red represents upregulated genes, and blue represents downregulated genes. (C) GO enrichment analysis of the differentially expressed genes between CKD and CKD + Choline group (D) Pathway analysis the differentially expressed genes according to the MSigDB (E) Pathway analysis the differentially expressed genes according to the Panther program. (F–K) The mRNA levels of VEGF, Angpt1, Slit2, VEGFR2, Tie2 and Robo1 were measured by real-time PCR. The data are presented as the mean ± SD. ^* p < 0.05 and ^** p < 0.01 vs. SHAM group; ^# p < 0.05 and ^## p < 0.01 vs. CKD group. ^& p < 0.05 and ^&& p < 0.01 vs. CKD + Choline group. n = 6 in each group.