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. 2022 Nov 3;13:996166. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2022.996166

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Copyright © 2022 Xie, Zhen, Liu, Chen, Liu, Zhou, Zhou, Hu, Zhu, Huang, Zhang and Nie.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Dietary choline (1.2%) inhibits cardiac angiogenesis in 5/6Nx mice on a high-choline diet. (A) Representative micrographs of immunohistochemistry staining of CD31 in the heart. Scale bar = 50 μm. (B) Graphical representation of capillary density analysis. (C) The protein levels of CD31 were measured by western blotting. (D) Graphic representation of relative abundance of CD31 normalized to GAPDH. (E) The protein levels of Hif-1α were measured by western blotting. (F) Graphic representation of relative abundance of Hif-1α normalized to GAPDH. The data are presented as the mean ± SD. ^* p < 0.05 and ^** p < 0.01 vs. SHAM group; ^# p < 0.05 and ^## p < 0.01 vs. CKD group. ^& p < 0.05 and ^&& p < 0.01 vs. CKD + Choline group. n = 6 in each group.