Table 2. Mutational status and clinical relevance of RAS mutations in OC.

OC and subtypes	Specimen	Genes mutated	Pathways involved	Outcome	Ref.
OCCC	Patient specimens	PIK3CA	PIK3CA/AKT/mTOR pathway	PIK3CA could be a potential target	94
MOC	Patient specimens	KRAS	EGFR signaling	KRAS mutation at codon 12 and high titer of CA125 marker.	95
MOC	Frozen ovarian tumors	KRAS BRAF NRAS	MAPK pathway	Mutational status of mucinous carcinoma	90
EnOC	Human tissue specimen	CTNNB1 KRAS PTEN PIK3CA	MAPK/RAS, WNT and PI3K pathways	TP53 and CTNNB1 can be potential prognostic markers	96
OCCC	Ovarian tumor tissue from patients	ARID1A PIK3CA KRAS ERBB2 ERBB3 BRAF	PI3/AKT and RTK/RAS pathways	PI3/AKT and RTK/RAS signaling pathways might be a prognostic marker	97
OCCC	Serum samples	ARID1A PIK3CA KRAS	PI3K/AKT, TP53, and ERBB2 pathways	Potential therapeutic target	98
OCCC	Patient sample	PI3KCA KRAS	PI3K/AKT pathway	Carcinogenesis and progression	99
SBOT	Patient sample	KRAS BRAF	RAS–RAF–MAP–MEK–ERK kinase pathway	Mutations associated with low-grade tumors	71 , 100
MBOT	Specimens from tumor bank	KRAS TP53 CDKN2A PIK3CA PTEN GNA11 ERBB2	RAS pathway	Different RAS mutation contributes to unique personality	89
MBOT	Ovarian tumors	BRAF KRAS	RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK signaling pathway MAPK pathway	Better prognostic biomarker in patients undergoing surgery	101
MOC	Ovarian tumors	KRAS	RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK signaling pathway MAPK pathway	borderline tumor progression to carcinomas	101
MOC	ovarian tissues	BRAF HRAS KRAS MET NRAS PIK3CA	RAS pathway	Better prognosis and low recurrence	102
MOC, EnOC, OCCC	Patient tumor samples	KRAS	Growth factor signaling DNA damage response p53 signaling Cell cycle control Apoptosis	Mutational status differs between distinct histological subtypes	88
MOC	Patient tissue sample	KRAS	RAS/Raf/MEK/ERK-pathway	Improved survival	103
LGSOC	Patient tumor tissue	KRAS BRAF	MAPK pathway	Better prognosis Improved OS	104
BOT with recurrent LGSOC	Patient tumor tissue	KRAS G12V BRAF	KRAS/RAF/MEK pathway	Shorter survival	105
MOC	Patient tumor specimen	KRAS	RAS pathway	Without KRAS mutation activation of RAS pathway could not be sustained	106
SBOT	Patient tumor specimen	NRAS BRAF KRAS	RAS pathway	NRAS may be an oncogenic driver	107
LGSOC	Patients tissue sample	KRAS BRAF HRAS NRAS EIF1AX USP9X	RAS/RAF/ERBB2-dependent cancer-associated pathways MAPK/ERBB2 signaling pathways	USP9X and EIF1AX novel driver of LGSOC	83
HGSOC	Patients tissue sample	NRAS BRAF KRAS TP53	RAS/RAF pathway	Co-occurrence of TP53 mutation with mutations in RAS/RAF pathway	108
LGSOC	Patients tissue sample	KRAS NRAS BRAF EIF1AX USP9X	MAPK pathway	Low mutation rate of NRAS indicates a minor role in LGSOC development	109