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. 2022 Nov 17;62(1):681–701. doi: 10.1007/s10943-022-01693-4
Dependent variables Depression Anxiety Stress
Model 1 Model 2 Model 3
Key independent variables B SE B SE B SE
Subtle racism 0.23** 0.09 0.22** 0.08 0.23** 0.08
Blatant racism 0.10 0.1 0.19 0.10 0.13 0.09
Positive religious coping 0.03 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.02 0.06
Negative religious coping 0.49*** 0.06 0.39*** 0.06 0.39*** 0.06
Control variables
Religiosity − 1.04* 0.48 − 0.48 0.39 − 0.50 0.45
Religious affiliation (ref = Christianity)
Buddhism − .68 1.03 − .90 .78 − .77 .93
Hinduism − .56 1.14 − .40 .96 − 1.24 1.04
Islam − .09 1.22 .42 1.06 .15 1.26
Other religion − 0.41 1.12 1.20 0.95 − 0.87 1.15
More than one religion 1.17 .99 0.44 0.86 0.14 0.86
None 1.02 0.86 1.30 0.72 1.38 0.85
Female 0.94 0.89 0.25 0.43 0.27 0.48
Ethnicity (ref = Asian Indian)
Chinese − 0.53 0.92 − 1.30 0.81 − 1.69 0.91
Pilipino 0.46 0.98 0.14 0.79 0.04 0.95
Other − 0.85 0.89 − 1.49 0.76 − 1.03 0.85
Age − 0.06* 0.02 − 0.05* 0.02 − 0.06** 0.02
Educational attainment − 0.53* 0.21 − 0.38* 0.17 − 0.34 0.18
Fully employed − 0.96 0.51 − 0.85 0.45 − 0.69 0.47
Income 0.04 0.09 0.08 0.07 0.11 0.08
Married − 1.44* 0.68 − 0.58 0.58 − 1.08 0.62
Number of children 0.01 0.28 0.05 0.28 0.28 0.25
Length of residence − 0.13 0.14 − 0.21 0.11 − 0.22 0.13
Living environment (ref = rural area)
Small city/town − 0.22 0.88 − 0.57 0.90 − 0.72 0.83
Suburb near a mid-sized city 0.74 0.90 0.45 0.86 0.19 0.86
Suburb near a large city 0.44 0.78 0.13 0.79 0.26 0.75
Mid-sized city 1.43 1.08 0.39 1.00 0.40 0.99
Large city 0.57 0.86 .95 0.91 − 0.19 0.81
Number of cases 330 330 330
R-squared 0.49 0.52 0.46

Standard errors are robust.

*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.