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. 2022 Nov 3;13:1055296. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1055296

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Copyright © 2022 Chen, Wu and Li.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Conventional and novel DKD therapeutic targets and strategies. The therapeutic strategy of DKD includes hemodynamic and nonhemodynamic aspects. The improvement of hemodynamic changes, the glucose-lowering therapy, and the suppression of inflammation, oxidative stress, fibrosis and podocyte injury are the main therapeutic targets. ACE2, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2; ACEIs, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; AGE, advanced glycation end-product; AMPK, adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase; ARBs, angiotensin receptor blockers; DPP-4, dipeptidyl peptidase-4; GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide-1; MRAs, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists; NF-κB, nuclear factor-kappa B; SGLT2, sodium glucose cotransporter 2.