TABLE 2.
Therapeutic mechanisms and targets of Chinese herbal medicine in DKD treatment.
| Chinese herbal medicine | Classification | Therapeutic mechanisms and targets | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abelmoschus esculentus | Herbal extract | Inhibiting DPP-4 and activating GLP-1 receptor | Peng et al. (2019) |
| Icariin | Active compound | Activating GLP-1 receptor, inactivating NLRP3, activating GPER via Keap1-Nrf2/HO-1 axis and inhibiting TLR4/NF-κB pathway | Qiao et al. (2018), Wang et al. (2020), Jia et al. (2021), Qi et al. (2021), Ding et al. (2022), and Zang et al. (2022) |
| Catalpol | Active compound | Modulating RAGE/RhoA/ROCK AMPK/Sirt1/NF-κB pathways | Chen Y. et al. (2019), Chen et al. (2020a), Chen et al. (2020b), and Shu et al. (2021) |
| Combined catalpol and loganin | Active compound | Inhibiting AGE/RAGE pathway | Chen et al. (2020b) |
| Novel polysaccharide | Active compound | Inhibiting AGEs and RAGEs levels | Lian et al. (2021) |
| Cassiae Semen extract | Herbal extract | Inhibiting AGEs and RAGEs levels | Wang et al. (2019) |
| White tea and old tree white tea | Herbal extract | Activating Sirt1/AMPK pathway | Xia et al. (2021) |
| Xiaokeyinshui formula | Formula | Inhibiting AGE/RAGE pathway | Zhou et al. (2020) |
| Huang-Lian-Jie-Du decoction | Formula | Inhibiting AGE/RAGE pathway | Tang et al. (2022) |
| Jiangtang decoction | Formula | Inhibiting AGE/RAGE pathway | Hong et al. (2017) |
| Coreopsis tinctoria | Herbal extract | Inhibiting SGLT2 and modulating NF-κB pathway | Yao et al. (2019) and Yu et al. (2019) |
| Marein and flavanomarein | Active compounds | Inhibiting SGLT2, and activating AMPK/ACC/PGC-1α pathway | Guo et al. (2020) and Zhang et al. (2020a) |
| Yiqi Jiedu Huayu decoction | Formula | Modulating AMPK pathway | Xuan et al. (2021) |
| Huayu Tongluo recipe | Formula | Modulating AMPK pathway | Li et al. (2021) |
| Curcumin | Active compounds | Activating Nrf2, inhibiting NF-κB, NADPH oxidase and PKCβII/p66Shc axis, and inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activity | Lu et al. (2017), Ghasemi et al. (2019), AlTamimi et al. (2021), and Xie et al. (2021) |
| Fructus Arctii | Herbal extract | Inhibiting ER stress signal transduction pathway | Zhang et al. (2019a) |
| Arctigenin | Active compounds | Enhancing PP2A activity | Zhong et al. (2019) |
| Baicalin | Active compounds | Inhibiting MAPK pathway | Ma et al. (2021) |
| Ellagic acid | Active compounds | Inhibiting MAPK pathway | Lin et al. (2021) |
| Astragaloside IV | Active compounds | Inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome | Feng et al. (2021) |
| Yi Shen Pai Du Formula | Formula | Activating Nrf2 pathway | Zhang et al. (2021a) |
| Tangshen Formula | Formula | Modulating TXNIP-NLRP3-GSDMD axis | Li et al. (2020) |
| Berberine | Active compounds | Activating AMPK pathway to elevate PGC-1α, inhibiting Drp1-mediated mitochondrial fission and dysfunction, and stimulating the positive feedback loop of C/EBPβ/Gas5/miR-18a-5p | Qin et al. (2019), Qin et al. (2020), Rong et al. (2021), and Xu et al. (2021a) |
| Rhodiola rosea Salidroside | Herbal extract | Promoting mitochondrial DNA copy and electron transport chain proteins by enhancing Sirt1 and PGC-1α expression | Wang et al. (2013) and Xue et al. (2019) |
| Salidroside | Active compounds | Suppressing TXNIP-NLRP3 inflammasome pathway | Wu et al. (2016) and Wang et al. (2017) |
| Resveratrol | Active compounds | Suppressing mitochondrial oxidative stress | Zhang et al. (2019c) |
| 4-O-methylhonokiol | Active compounds | Activating AMPK/PGC-1α/CPT1B pathway and activating Nrf2/SOD2 pathway | Ma et al. (2019) |
| Tangshen Formula and morroniside | Formula, Active compounds | Activating PGC-1α-LXR-ABCA1 pathway | Liu et al. (2018) and Gao et al. (2021a) |
| Astragaloside II | Active compounds | Upregulating PINK1 and Parkin | Su et al. (2021a) |
| Astragaloside IV | Active compounds | Inhibiting cytochrome c release and mitochondrial membrane potential | Xing et al. (2021) and Zang et al. (2021) |
| Combined Ginsenoside Rb1 and aldose therapy | Active compounds | Alleviating mitochondrial damage | He et al. (2022) |
| Quercetin | Active compounds | Modulating HIF-1α/miR-210/ISCU/FeS pathway | Xu et al. (2021b) |
| Andrographolide | Active compounds | Suppressing mitochondrial ROS-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome activation | Liu et al. (2021b) |
| Huangqi-Danshen decoction | Formula | Suppressing PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy | Liu et al. (2020b) |
| Punicalagin | Active compounds | Reshaping gut microbial ecology, reversing gut barrier dysfunction, and reducing serum lipopolysaccharide and diamine oxidase levels | Hua et al. (2022) |
| Polysaccharide | Active compounds | Reconstructing gut microbiota, improving intestinal barrier function, ameliorating serum proinflammatory mediators, and upregulating short-chain fatty acid level | Zhang et al. (2022) |
| Qing-Re-Xiao-Zheng formula | Formula | Modulating gut microbiota-bile acid axis via farnesoid X receptor | Gao et al. (2021) |
| QiDiTangShen granules | Formula | Modulating gut microbiota-bile acid axis via farnesoid X receptor | Wei et al. (2021) |
| Shenyan Kangfu tablet | Formula | Improving intestinal microbiota via elevated Firmicutes and reduced Bacteroidetes abundance | Chen et al. (2021) |
| San-Huang-Yi-Shen capsule | Formula | The improvement of gut microbiota by modulating arginine biosynthesis, TCA cycle, tyrosine metabolism, and arginine and proline metabolism | Su et al. (2021b) |
| Tangshen Formula | Formula | Regulating gut microbiota to reducing lipopolysaccharide and indoxyl sulfate levels | Zhao et al. (2020) |
ABCA1, ATP-binding cassette transporter A1; ACC, acetyl-CoA carboxylase; AGE, advanced glycation end-product; AMPK, adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase; CPT1B, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1B; DPP-4, dipeptidyl peptidase-4; EBPβ, enhancer binding protein beta; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; Gas5, growth arrest-specific 5; GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide-1; GPER, G protein-coupled estrogen receptor; GSDMD, gasdermin D; HO-1, heme oxygenase-1; Keap1, kelch-1ike ECH- associated protein l; LXR, liver X receptor; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; NF-κB, nuclear factor-kappa B; NLRP3, NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3; PGC-1α, peroxlsome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactlvator-1α; PINK1, PTEN induced putative kinase 1; PKCβII, Significant up-regulation of the protein kinase Cβ II; PP2A, protein phosphatase 2 A; RAGE, receptors of AGE; ROCK, Rho-associated coiled-coil containing kinase; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SGLT2, sodium glucose cotransporter 2; Sirt1, sirtuin 1; SOD2, superoxide dismutase 2; TLR4, toll-like receptor 4; TXNIP, thioredoxin-interacting protein.