Table 2.
General Data on Studies Selected.
| Studies | Geographic Context | Methods/Design | Sample |
|---|---|---|---|
| Arbillaga-Etxarri et al. (2017, Spain) | Five cities of Catalunya | QT. Cross-sectional; ANOVA, Kruskal–Wallis, and Wilcoxon rank-sum tests, multivariable regression | COPD patients (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease); N = 410; average age: 69; male: 85% |
| Carr et al. (2021, USA) | Florida (no details) | QT. Longitudinal; OLS regression models | Community adults aged 60+; N = 466; average age: 69.4; male: 34%; dog owners: 39–42% |
| Chen et al. (2020, China) | Urban; Guangzhou | QL. Participatory observations; in-depth interviews | Urban empty nesters; N = 12; average age: 66.7; male: 25%; dog owners: 100% |
| Curl et al. (2017, USA) | USA (no details, nationwide survey) | QT. Cross-sectional; OLS regression and binary logistic regression models | Community-based adults aged 50+; N = 771; average age: 67.7; male: 48.8%; dog owners: 35% |
| Curl et al. (2020, USA) | USA (no details, nationwide survey) | QT. Cross-sectional; structural equation modeling (SEM) | People aged 50+; N = 476; average age: 68.97; dog owners: 39% |
| Dall et al. (2017, The Netherlands) | Lincolnshire, Derbyshire, Cambridgeshire (no details) | QT. Generalized linear mixed-effect model | People aged 65+; N = 86; average age: 70; male: 34%, dog owners: 50% |
| Dzhambov (2017, Bulgaria) | Plovdiv, urban area near green areas | QT. Cross-sectional; correlations and mediation analysis | Urban community-dwelling retired people aged 65+; N = 265; average age: 75.8; male: 46.4%; dog owners: 100% |
| Feng et al. (2014, UK) | Tayside; all types of areas | QT. Cross-sectional, chi-square, independent sample t-tests, and mixed linear models | Community-dwelling people aged 65+; N = 547; average age: 79; male: 46%; dog owners: 9% |
| Friedmann et al. (2020, USA) | Baltimore (no details) | QT. Cross-sectional; ANOVA, linear regression | Community-dwelling people aged 50+; N = 378; average age: 76.9; male: 43%; dog owners: 24% |
| Garcia et al. (2015, USA) | USA (no details, nationwide survey) | QT. Cross-sectional; logistic regression | Postmenopausal women aged 50 to 79; N = 152,629; average age: 61.5; dog owners: 24% |
| Gretebeck et al. (2013, USA) | USA (no details) | QT. Cross-sectional; ANOVA, hierarchical multiple regressions | Community-dwelling older adults aged 65+; N = 1091; average age = 74.5; male: 44%; dog owners: 15% |
| Harris et al. (2009, UK) | Oxfordshire (no details) | QT. Cross-sectional; linear regression models | Community-dwelling older adults; N = 238; male: 52%; dog owners: 22% |
| Hui Gan et al. (2020, Australia) | Not stated | QL. Phenomenological; semi-structured interviews | Community-dwelling older adult; N = 14; average age: 73.6; male: 43%; dog owners: 100% |
| Janevic et al. (2020, USA) | USA (no details) | QL. Focus groups; thematic analysis | Community-dwelling older adults aged 70+; N = 25; male: 32%; dog owners: 72% |
| Koohsari et al. (2021, Japan) | Predominantly rural, Minami-Izu | QT. Cross-sectional; linear regression models | Young, middle-aged and older adults; N (≥65) = 1722; male: 45%; dog owners: 12% |
| Mein and Grant (2018, UK) | Urban, London | QT. Cross-sectional; multivariable proportional odds regression | People aged 59–79; N = 6575; average age: 65.1; dog owners: 11% |
| Mičkova (2019, Czech Republic) | Czech Republic (no details) | QT. Cross-sectional; Spearman rank correlation | People aged 60+; N = 44; average age: 68; male: 41%; dog owners: 59% |
| Moniruzzaman et al. (2015, Canada) | Urban and suburban; Metro Vancouver | QT. Cross-sectional; multilevel linear regression | Low-income older adults aged 65+; N = 145; male: 35%; dog owners: 10% |
| Rijken (2010, Netherlands) | Nationwide | QT. Cross-sectional; linear and logistic regression models | People aged 65+; N = 1397; male: 40%; dog owners: 10% |
| Rogers et al. (1993, USA) | Mobile home parks in Sacramento | QT + QL. Walk (with and without dogs), interview, quantitative comparisons, and content analysis | People aged 65+; N = 11; average age: 69; male: 27%; dog owners: 55% |
| Scheibeck et al. (2011, Austria) | Larger communities of the Tyrol (no details) | QL. Systematic literature research, ethnographic field | People aged 70+; N = 23; male: 22%; dog owners: 100% |
| Shibata et al. (2012, Japan) | Urban; Bunkyo, Fuchu, Oyama | QT. Cross-sectional; multivariate logistic regression models | Community-dwelling older adults aged 65–74; N = 1926; average age: 69.6; male: 51%; dog owners: 14% |
| Taniguchi et al. (2018, Japan) | Urban; Ota City, Tokyo | QT. Cross-sectional; mixed-effects logistic regression models | Community-dwelling older adults aged 65+; N = 11,233; male: 48%; dog owners: 14% (past owners: 29%) |
| Thorpe Kreisle et al. (2006, USA) | Memphis, TN, and Pittsburgh, PA (no details) | QT. Cross-sectional (part of a cohort study); chi-square, t-tests, and logistic regression models | Community-dwelling older adults aged 65+: N = 2533; male: 52%; dog owners: 24% |
| Thorpe Simonsick et al. (2006, USA) | Memphis, TN, and Pittsburgh, PA (no details) | QT. Cross-sectional and longitudinal; general linear models, and logistic regression models | Community-dwelling older adults aged 65+; N = 2533; male: 52%; dog owners: 24% |
| Wu et al. (2017, UK) | Norfolk County | QT. Cross-sectional; multilevel first-order autoregressive models | Adults aged 40–79 (73% aged 65+); N = 3123; male: 43%; dog owners: 18% |