TABLE 1.
Participant characteristics.
| Protocol 1 (n = 17) | Protocol 2 (n = 18) | P-value | |
| Mean (SD) age, years | 53.7 ± 8.3 | 40.5 ± 9.7 | < 0.001 |
| % Female | 47%a | 72%a | 0.129 |
| Baseline measurements | |||
| Mean (SD) BMI, kg/m2 | 29.1 ± 5.9 | 25.5 ± 5.3 | 0.066 |
| SBP, mmHg | 125.8 ± 11.9 | 112.4 ± 11.5 | 0.399 |
| DBP, mmHg | 69.4 ± 9.6 | 67.1 ± 9.3 | 0.875 |
| Mean AHI, events/h | 7.0 ± 4.1 | 3.0 ± 2.4 | 0.001 |
| Mean DLMO, hh:mm | 20:20 ± 1:08 | 19:47 ± 0:44 | 0.090 |
| Mean habitual wake time, hh:mm | 6:36 ± 0:56 | 6:36 ± 1:01 | 0.999 |
| Forced desynchrony measurementsb | |||
| Mean (SD) total sleep time, min | 93.0 ± 38.9 | 263.1 ± 71.4 | |
| Mean (SD) sleep efficiency,% | 59.0 ± 24.7 | 73.4 ± 20.0 | |
| Mean (SD) time awake before lights on, min | 17.0 ± 27.9 | 26.4 ± 57.3 | |
| Mean (SD)% NREM | 84.3 ± 15.7 | 79.4 ± 11.0 | |
| Mean (SD)% REM | 13.9 ± 11.1 | 19.6 ± 8.2 | |
| Arousal index (SD), arousals/h | 18.9 ± 13.5 | 14.7 ± 8.5 | |
SD, standard deviation; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; AHI, apnea-hypopnea index; DLMO, dim light melatonin onset. aIndividual level detail for post-menopausal status, use of birth control, or phase of menstrual cycle during study participation can be found in the supplemental tables. bBecause the sleep opportunities were different in the two protocols, sleep measures were not compared between the two. Sleep measurements across the forced desynchrony in protocol 1 were only available for 12 of the 17 participants. Bold p-values indicate significant differences between the two protocols.