Table 3.
The impact of public health education on the demand for commercial health insurance.
| Variables | Health insurance density | Public health education | Health insurance density | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | |
| First stage | Second stage | |||
| Public health education | 0.494*** (2.90) |
0.348* (1.96) |
1.383* (1.72) |
|
| IV | 0.822*** (3.96) |
|||
| Economic development | 0.109 (0.62) |
−0.040 (−0.71) |
0.160 (0.87) |
|
| Urbanization ratio | −0.002 (−0.14) |
0.006 (1.24) |
−0.014 (−0.83) |
|
| Gender ratio | −0.003 (−0.59) |
−0.001 (−0.59) |
−0.001 (−0.14) |
|
| Dependency ratio | −0.003 (−0.40) |
0.002 (0.71) |
−0.003 (−0.41) |
|
| Health status | 0.069 (1.44) |
−0.009 (−0.61) |
0.079 (1.59) |
|
| Education | −0.020** (−2.15) |
0.001 (0.18) |
−0.021** (−2.16) |
|
| Social health insurance coverage | 0.115 (1.14) |
−0.215 (−0.66) |
0.120 (1.15) |
|
| Medical resources | 0.008 (0.30) |
0.012 (1.35) |
−0.005 (−0.16) |
|
| Air pollution | −0.000* (−1.90) |
−0.000** (−2.00) |
−0.000 (−1.37) |
|
| Time effect | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Individual effect | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| observations | 341 | 341 | 341 | 341 |
| R-squared | 0.938 | 0.941 | - | - |
*p < 0.1, ** p < 0.05, *** p < 0.01; Standard errors are shown in parentheses.