Table 2.
Bivariate and multivariable GLMM analyses of factors associated with injecting drugs alone among 3307 observations from people who inject drugs in Vancouver, Canada, 2016–2018
| Variable | Unadjusted | Adjusted | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Odds ratio (95% CI) |
p value | Odds ratio (95% CI) |
p value | |
| Age | ||||
| (per year older) | 1.01 (0.99–1.02) | 0.234 | – | – |
| Sex | ||||
| (male vs. female) | 2.42 (1.75–3.35) | < 0.001 | 1.69 (1.20–2.37) | 0.002 |
| Indigenous ancestry | ||||
| (Self-identified vs. other) | 0.55 (0.39–0.76) | < 0.001 | 0.71 (0.52–0.98) | 0.037 |
| Sexual orientation | ||||
| (LGBT vs. straight) | 0.89 (0.61–1.30) | 0.547 | – | – |
| Stable relationship | ||||
| (yes vs. no) | 0.27 (0.20–0.35) | < 0.001 | 0.30 (0.23–0.39) | < 0.001 |
| Employmenta | ||||
| (yes vs. no) | 1.24 (0.92–1.66) | 0.152 | – | – |
| Homelessness | ||||
| (yes vs. no) | 1.09 (0.80–1.51) | 0.579 | – | – |
| DTES residencea | ||||
| (yes vs. no) | 1.37 (1.02–1.83) | 0.034 | 1.43 (1.08–1.91) | 0.014 |
| Recent incarcerationa | ||||
| (yes vs. no) | 1.03 (0.63–1.69) | 0.907 | – | – |
| Sex worka | ||||
| (yes vs. no) | 0.72 (0.49–1.06) | 0.092 | – | – |
| Violencea | ||||
| (yes vs. no) | 1.38 (0.97–1.95) | 0.072 | 1.43 (1.00–2.03) | 0.045 |
| Daily heroin usea | ||||
| (yes vs. no) | 0.99 (0.76–1.29) | 0.937 | – | – |
| Daily fentanyl usea | ||||
| (yes vs. no) | 1.45 (0.73–2.90) | 0.293 | – | – |
| Daily cocaine usea | ||||
| (yes vs. no) | 0.93 (0.56–1.55) | 0.781 | – | – |
| Daily crack cocaine usea | ||||
| (yes vs. no) | 1.19 (0.77–1.83) | 0.430 | – | – |
| Daily meth usea | ||||
| (yes vs. no) | 1.13 (0.82–1.56) | 0.445 | – | – |
| Binge drug usea | ||||
| (yes vs. no) | 1.35 (1.07–1.70) | 0.012 | 1.36 (1.08–1.72) | 0.009 |
| Binge alcohol usea | ||||
| (yes vs. no) | 0.99 (0.71–1.37) | 0.946 | – | – |
| Drug dealinga | ||||
| (yes vs. no) | 1.03 (0.76–1.39) | 0.845 | – | – |
| Weekly OPS/SCS usea | ||||
| (yes vs. no) | 0.97 (0.73–1.28) | 0.811 | – | – |
| Non-fatal overdosea | ||||
| (yes vs. no) | 0.84 (0.62–1.12) | 0.236 | – | – |
| Depressionb | ||||
| (≥ 22 vs. < 22) | 1.32 (0.93–1.89) | 0.124 | – | – |
| PTSDc | ||||
| (≥ 31 vs. < 31) | 1.28 (0.87–1.89) | 0.217 | – | – |
All drug use variables refer to non-injection and injection use
CI confidence interval, DTES Downtown Eastside
aBehaviours/events in the past 6 months
bMeasured using the Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) – > = 22 at Baseline
cMeasured using the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5)-cut-point score of ≥ 31