Table 1.

Ethogram of mother hen behavior monitored during visual and physical separation.

Behavioral category	Description
Movement away from chicks (AFC)	The hen moves away from the barrier between her and her chicks
Movement toward chicks (TC)	The hen moves closer to the barrier between her and her chicks
Defecation	Excretion of feces by the hen in the test arena
Preening	The hen uses its beak to arrange its feathers
Sitting	Hen lying down on her chest in the test arena
Body shaking	The hen shakes and ruffles her feathers
Pecking	The hen pecking on wooden materials in the test arena
Jumping	The hen jumps to escape from the test arena to reunite with her chicks
Pacing	The hen moving to and fro in the test arena without rest