TABLE 2—
The Immediate and Overall Effects of the Public Charge Rule on Maternal and Child Health Outcomes, Comparing Noncitizens and Predicted Immigrants to Citizens: New York State, 2014‒2019
| Reported Citizenship | Predicted Citizenship | |||||
| NYS, Estimate (95% CI) | NYC, Estimate (95% CI) | Non-NYC, Estimate (95% CI) | NYS, Estimate (95% CI) | NYC, Estimate (95% CI) | Non-NYC, Estimate (95% CI) | |
| Immediate effect: comparative interrupted time series | ||||||
| Medicaid enrollment delays | ||||||
| ≤ 6 mo, OR | 1.49 (1.26, 1.77) | 1.36 (1.09, 1.70) | 1.94 (1.34, 2.82) | 1.89 (1.33, 2.69) | 1.44 (0.88, 2.36) | 2.54 (1.43, 4.51) |
| ≤ 3 mo, OR | 1.16 (0.94, 1.42) | 1.03 (0.79, 1.35) | 1.51 (0.89, 2.55) | 0.96 (0.61, 1.51) | 0.83 (0.45, 1.52) | 2.18 (0.96, 4.95) |
| Prenatal visits, OR | 0.70 (0.49, 1.00) | 0.59 (0.38, 0.90) | 0.58 (0.21, 1.57) | 0.91 (0.40, 2.05) | 0.43 (0.14, 1.32) | 1.16 (0.27, 5.05) |
| No. of visits, b | −0.08 (−0.60, 0.43) | 0.13 (−0.57, 0.82) | −1.47 (−2.55, −0.39) | −0.07 (−1.15, 1.00) | 0.41 (−1.12, 1.94) | −2.13 (−3.80, −0.46) |
| Days to first visit, b | 15.65 (9.80, 21.49) | 11.18 (3.58, 18.79) | 25.57 (12.67, 38.46) | 26.33 (14.24, 38.43) | 14.19 (−2.48, 30.87) | 48.53 (28.73, 68.34) |
| Birth weight, grams, b | 2.93 (−41.61, 47.48) | 25.51 (−32.18, 83.19) | −19.33 (−118.69, 80.03) | −22.09 (−112.80, 68.62) | −57.00 (−181.17, 67.17) | 8.55 (−142.27, 159.38) |
| Low birth weight, OR | 1.25 (0.91, 1.73) | 1.18 (0.79, 1.77) | 1.48 (0.69, 3.16) | 0.99 (0.49, 2.00) | 0.99 (0.38, 2.59) | 1.03 (0.33, 3.19) |
| SMM, OR | 1.21 (0.83, 1.77) | 1.49 (0.95, 2.34) | 1.13 (0.41, 3.07) | 1.10 (0.48, 2.50) | 1.92 (0.68, 5.45) | 0.41 (0.10, 1.77) |
| Overall effect: difference-in-differencea | ||||||
| Medicaid enrollment delays | ||||||
| ≤ 6 mo, OR | 1.16 (1.09, 1.23) | 1.07 (0.99, 1.16) | 1.53 (1.34, 1.75) | 1.43 (1.27, 1.61) | 1.29 (1.09, 1.52) | 1.37 (1.11, 1.68) |
| ≤ 3 mo, OR | 0.89 (0.83, 0.96) | 0.78 (0.71, 0.85) | 1.63 (1.35, 1.96) | 1.28 (1.09, 1.49) | 1.14 (0.93, 1.40) | 1.87 (1.41, 2.49) |
| Prenatal visits, OR | 0.85 (0.75, 0.96) | 0.86 (0.74, 1.00) | 0.58 (0.41, 0.81) | 0.70 (0.53, 0.93) | 0.77 (0.53, 1.13) | 0.79 (0.47, 1.32) |
| No. of visits, b | −0.22 (−0.39, −0.04) | −0.13 (−0.36, 0.11) | −0.57 (−0.97, −0.18) | −0.75 (−1.12, −0.39) | −0.37 (−0.88, 0.14) | −0.94 (−1.55, −0.34) |
| Days to first visit, b | 1.86 (−0.16, 3.87) | −0.70 (−3.30, 1.90) | 18.96 (14.24, 23.68) | 13.84 (9.76, 17.92) | 7.16 (1.62, 12.70) | 26.71 (19.55, 33.88) |
| Birth weight, grams, b | −6.83 (−22.22, 8.56) | −0.17 (−19.94, 19.60) | −37.08 (−73.31, −0.86) | −55.96 (−86.57, −25.35) | −52.10 (−93.45, −10.75) | −91.42 (−145.82, −37.01) |
| Low birth weight, OR | 1.04 (0.93, 1.17) | 1.10 (0.96, 1.26) | 0.99 (0.76, 1.30) | 1.09 (0.86, 1.38) | 1.15 (0.84, 1.58) | 1.20 (0.80, 1.81) |
| SMM, OR | 1.04 (0.91, 1.18) | 0.90 (0.77, 1.05) | 1.65 (1.15, 2.36) | 0.60 (0.45, 0.80) | 0.34 (0.24, 0.49) | 1.31 (0.77, 2.23) |
Note. CI = confidence interval; NYC = New York City; NYS = New York State; OR = odds ratio; SMM = severe maternal morbidity.
a
We evaluated the overall effect of the public charge rule using a traditional difference-in-difference model—post vs pre and noncitizens vs citizens, adjusting for age, race, county, and infant’s birth month.