Table 1.
Example studies that use observation.
Research Topic | Study Design | Use of Observation |
---|---|---|
Organization, structure and process of HIV care. | Mixed Methods (survey, interviews and observation) | Site visits with observations of clinical encounters and staff work routines [1,16] |
Identification of contextual factors influential in the uptake and spread of an anticoagulation improvement initiative. | Mixed Methods (survey, interviews, observation, and Interrupted time series) | Observations of clinical processes and clinical encounters with patients and of site champion quality improvement team meetings [4] |
Examination of how physicians respond verbally and nonverbally to patient pain cues. | Observation of clinical interactions | Observations of clinical encounters [17,18] |
Determination of proportion of tasks that are commonly carried out by clinical pharmacists can be appropriately managed by clinical pharmacy technicians. | Mixed Methods (modified Delphi process and observation) | Observation of pharmacists carrying out work tasks in a time-motion study [19] |