Table 1.
Baseline information of study participants
| Male (n = 2760) | Female (n = 2131) | Overall | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Physical activity frequency (per week, %) | ||||||
| 0 | 1249 | 45.3 | 1257 | 53 | 2506 | 48.9 |
| 2 | 144 | 5.2 | 131 | 5.5 | 275 | 5.4 |
| 4 | 204 | 7.4 | 191 | 8.1 | 395 | 7.7 |
| 7 | 1162 | 42.1 | 791 | 33.4 | 1953 | 38.1 |
| Age (mean [SD]) | 66.34 | 9.16 | 66.06 | 9.71 | 66.22 | 9.40 |
| Education (years, %) | ||||||
| 0 | 415 | 15 | 1258 | 53.1 | 1673 | 32.6 |
| 1–6 | 1253 | 45.4 | 756 | 31.9 | 2009 | 39.2 |
| 7–9 | 341 | 12.4 | 134 | 5.7 | 475 | 9.3 |
| 10–12 | 294 | 10.7 | 70 | 3 | 364 | 7.1 |
| 13–17 | 248 | 9 | 34 | 1.4 | 282 | 5.5 |
| SES (mean [SD]) | 4.81 | 1.91 | 4.62 | 1.93 | 4.71 | 1.92 |
| Diabetes mellitus (%) | 189 | 22.4 | 239 | 26.1 | 428 | 24.3 |
| Chronic kidney disease (%) | 68 | 8.1 | 67 | 7.3 | 135 | 7.7 |
| OHIPq3 (mean [SD]) | 0.46 | 0.5 | 0.53 | 0.5 | 0.49 | 0.5 |
| OHIPq7 (mean (SD)) | 0.25 | 0.43 | 0.26 | 0.44 | 0.26 | 0.44 |
| Hypertension (%) | 426 | 97.3 | 544 | 97.3 | 970 | 97.3 |
| CVD (%) | 188 | 92.2 | 253 | 94.8 | 441 | 93.6 |
| Stroke (%) | 92 | 10.9 | 104 | 11.4 | 196 | 11.1 |
| Mental health (%) | 35 | 4.2 | 64 | 7 | 99 | 5.6 |
| Bone fracture (%) | 26 | 3.1 | 64 | 7 | 90 | 5.1 |
| Sleep quality (mean [SD]) | 2.03 | 0.81 | 2.34 | 0.85 | 2.19 | 0.85 |
| Smoke (%) | 137 | 27 | 10 | 45.5 | 147 | 27.8 |
| Drink (%) | 245 | 29.1 | 48 | 5.2 | 293 | 16.7 |
| SPMSQ (mean [SD]) | 9.97 | 1.67 | 8.94 | 2.45 | 9.44 | 2.17 |
| Loneliness (mean [SD]) | 6.6 | 2.03 | 6.36 | 1.85 | 6.48 | 1.94 |
| Life satisfaction (mean [SD]) | 3.22 | 1.27 | 3.04 | 1.39 | 3.13 | 1.33 |
| Balance dysfunction (mean [SD]) | 0.71 | 0.45 | 0.57 | 0.49 | 0.64 | 0.48 |
| IADL (mean [SD]) | 1.85 | 2.8 | 2.66 | 3.02 | 2.27 | 2.94 |
| ADL (mean [SD]) | 3.02 | 3.18 | 4.41 | 3.19 | 3.74 | 3.26 |
| CESD (mean [SD]) | 7.8 | 4.1 | 9.32 | 4.72 | 8.58 | 4.49 |
| Social activities (mean [SD]) | 12.33 | 1.97 | 12.51 | 1.76 | 12.42 | 1.87 |
| Health risk behavior (mean [SD]) | 0.55 | 0.72 | 0.08 | 0.31 | 0.31 | 0.6 |
| Perceived health (mean [SD]) | 0.65 | 0.48 | 0.55 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.49 |
The percentage was based on the corresponding responses divided by the total number of responders. SES = self-reported social economic status. OHIPq3 = Oral Health Impact Profile question 3: Are you uncomfortable to eat due to an oral problem in recent 12 months? OHIPq7 = Oral Health Impact Profile question 7: Do you experience a worse taste due to an oral problem in recent 12 months? CVD = cardiovascular disease. SPMSQ = Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire. IADL = Instrumental Activities of Daily Living. ADL = Activities of Daily Living. CESD = Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale