Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of second-line antihyperglycemic drugs
| Characteristics | SU | TZD | DPP4i | SGLT2i | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of patients, n (%) | 17,387 (70.2) | 3,042 (12.3) | 4,032 (16.3) | 316 (1.3) | |
| Age, year, mean (SD) | 61.2 (11.9) | 59.7 (11.7) | 64.1 (11.9) | 59.1 (12.6) | < 0.001 |
| Sex, n (%) | |||||
| Female | 10,053 (57.8) | 1,752 (57.6) | 2,408 (59.7) | 169 (53.5) | 0.046 |
| Male | 7,334 (42.2) | 1,290 (42.4) | 1,624 (40.3) | 147 (46.5) | |
| BMI, kg/m2, mean (SD) | 27.2 (4.5) | 28.5 (5.2) | 27.3 (4.7) | 30.2 (5.9) | < 0.001 |
| FPG, mg/dL, mean (SD) | 180.0 (77.1) | 165.1 (69.6) | 170.2 (73.2) | 154.5 (48.6) | < 0.001 |
| HbA1c, %, mean (SD) | 8.2 (1.8) | 8.0 (1.7) | 8.0 (1.7) | 7.7 (1.5) | < 0.001 |
| eGFR, ml/min/1.73 m2, mean (SD) | 75.8 (24.6) | 78.4 (25.0) | 76.7 (23.8) | 87.0 (20.5) | < 0.001 |
| ACR, mg/g, median (IQR) | 18.4 (7.0, 71.0) | 12.7 (6.0, 42.1) | 12.7 (5.8, 39.5) | 9.8 (4.8, 40.9) | < 0.001 |
| HT, n (%) | |||||
| Yes | 13,958 (80.3) | 2,444 (80.3) | 3,428 (85.0) | 269 (85.1) | < 0.001 |
| No | 3,429 (19.7) | 598 (19.7) | 604 (15.0) | 47 (14.9) | |
| ACEi/ARB, n (%) | |||||
| Yes | 8,408 (48.4) | 1,528 (50.2) | 1,988 (49.3) | 167 (52.8) | 0.096 |
| No | 8,979 (51.6) | 1,514 (49.8) | 2,044 (50.7) | 149 (47.2) | |
| CVD, n (%) | |||||
| Yes | 1,319 (7.6) | 149 (4.9) | 567 (14.1) | 87 (27.5) | < 0.001 |
| No | 16,068 (92.4) | 2,893 (95.1) | 3,465 (85.9) | 229 (72.5) | |
| PAD, n (%) | |||||
| Yes | 190 (1.1) | 41 (1.3) | 68 (1.7) | 5 (1.6) | 0.016 |
| No | 17,197 (98.9) | 3,001 (98.7) | 3,964 (98.3) | 311 (98.4) | |
| DR, n (%) | |||||
| Yes | 476 (2.7) | 108 (3.6) | 119 (3.0) | 9 (2.8) | 0.100 |
| No | 16,911 (97.3) | 2,934 (96.4) | 3,913 (97.0) | 307 (97.2) | |
| DLP, n (%) | |||||
| Yes | 11,738 (67.5) | 1,919 (63.1) | 2,305 (57.2) | 162 (51.3) | < 0.001 |
| No | 5,649 (32.5) | 1,123 (36.9) | 1,727 (42.8) | 154 (48.7) | |
| Statin, n (%) | |||||
| Yes | 12,049 (69.3) | 2,270 (74.6) | 3,023 (75.0) | 245 (77.5) | < 0.001 |
| No | 5,338 (30.7) | 772 (25.4) | 1,009 (25.0) | 71 (22.5) | |
| LDL-C, mg/dL, mean (SD) | 117.8 (36.0) | 115.2 (34.5) | 111.6 (37.0) | 107.6 (37.9) | < 0.001 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL, median (IQR) | 147.1 (118.0, 189.0) | 138.9 (111.0, 177.0) | 142.0 (109.9, 186.1) | 140.0 (108.0, 188.8) | < 0.001 |
| HDL-C, mg/dL, mean (SD) | 45.8 (10.7) | 46.7 (10.9) | 45.8 (11.3) | 44.0 (10.2) | < 0.001 |
| Duration of first-line treatment, month, median (IQR) | 4.59 (0.03, 46.82) | 19.31 (0.03, 57.74) | 7.02 (0.03, 48.16) | 13.72 (0.03, 54.36) | < 0.001 |
ACEi: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ACR: Albumin-to-creatinine ratio; ARB: Angiotensin receptor blockers; BMI: Body mass index; CVD: Cardiovascular disease; DLP: Dyslipidemia; DPP4i: Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors; DR: Diabetic retinopathy; eGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate; FPG: Fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c: Hemoglobin A1c; HDL-C: High density lipoprotein cholesterol; HT: Hypertension; IQR: Interquartile range; LDL-C: Low density lipoprotein cholesterol; PAD: Peripheral artery disease; SD: Standard deviation; SGLT2i: Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors; SU: Sulfonylureas; TZD: Thiazolidinediones