TABLE 2.
Baseline characteristics of the participant in the study.
| Variable | Control (n = 21) | Exercise (n = 26) | P-value |
| Demographics and anthropometrics measurements | |||
| Age (year) | 63.5 ± 4.7 (61.3–65.6) | 62.0 ± 5.0 (60.0–64.0) | 0.294 |
| Gender (female/male), n/n | 16/5 | 20/6 | 1.000 |
| Weight (kg) | 63.8 ± 10.3 (59.1–68.5) | 64.7 ± 9.8 (60.7–68.6) | 0.776 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 23.9 ± 2.7 (22.7–25.1) | 24.7 ± 3.0 (23.4–25.9) | 0.380 |
| Waist-to-hip ratio | 0.90 ± 0.05 (0.88–0.92) | 0.90 ± 0.05 (0.88–0.92) | 0.869 |
| Skeletal muscle index (kg/m2) | 14.7 (13.6,16.0) | 14.8 (14.0,16.3) | 0.966 |
| Total lean mass (kg) | 38.1 (35.7,46.0) | 38.0 (34.1,43.8) | 0.781 |
| Body fat rate (%) | 32.8 (30.8,37.1) | 36.9 (28.8,40.0) | 0.113 |
| Physical performance | |||
| Handgrip strength (kg) | 22.8 (19.9,31.7) | 22.6 (21.4,27.7) | 0.864 |
| Gait speed (m/s) | 1.14 ± 1.17 (1.06–1.21) | 1.13 ± 0.13 (1.07–1.18) | 0.855 |
| Reaction time (s) | 0.460 (0.386,0.517) | 0.427 (0.401,0.427) | 0.473 |
| Leg power (W) | 248.0 (168.0,301.5) | 199.5 (162.0,288.0) | 0.435 |
| Eye-closed and single- | |||
| legged standing (s) | 6.0 (5.0,10.0) | 5.0 (3.0,10.0) | 0.250 |
| Sit-And-Reach (cm) | 5.4 ± 7.9 (1.7–9.0) | 3.7 ± 9.8 (−0.3 to 7.7) | 0.538 |
| Glycolipid metabolism | |||
| FPG (mmol/L) | 5.85 (5.37,6.41) | 6.17 (5.65,6.44) | 0.181 |
| 2hPG (mmol/L) | 9.48 (8.45,10.81) | 9.47 (8.26,10.85) | 0.740 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.80 (5.65,6.10) | 5.90 (5.50,6.13) | 0.813 |
| Fasting insulin (μU/mL) | 9.30 (5.90,12.53) | 9.40 (5.60,15.38) | 0.872 |
| Postprandial insulin (μU/mL) | 73.70 (40.35,118.60) | 46.70 (32.20,94.15) | 0.171 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.51 (5.11,5.85) | 5.88 (4.68,6.72) | 0.171 |
| Triglyceride (mmol/L) | 1.50 (1.26,2.27) | 1.36 (0.99,1.90) | 0.289 |
| HDL−C (mmol/L) | 1.38 (1.24,1.58) | 1.53 (1.31,1.72) | 0.104 |
| LDL−C (mmol/L) | 3.63 (3.37,3.80) | 3.80 (2.98,4.45) | 0.261 |
| 25−Hydroxyvitamin D (ng/ml) | 16.80 (15.21,22.83) | 16.57 (13.67,19.37) | 0.404 |
| Testosterone (ng/dL) | 29.14 (14.68,163.09) | 21.28 (14.54,78.69) | 0.645 |
| Growth hormone (ng/ml) | 1.075 (0.634,1.293) | 1.135 (0.630,1.346) | 0.441 |
| HOMA2−IR | 2.501 (1.474,3.368) | 2.571 (1.454,3.992) | 0.669 |
| IAI | 0.400 (0.297,0.680) | 0.389 (0.251,0.688) | 0.669 |
Values are presented as means ± SD (95% confidence interval) or median (25%,75%) (if data are not normally distributed). FPG, fasting plasma glucose; 2hPG, 2-hour postprandial glucose; HbA1c%, glycosylated hemoglobin%; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol. p-values represent baseline between-group comparisons.