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. 2022 Nov 17;15:431. doi: 10.1186/s13071-022-05555-6

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — a Artificial feeding system used to feed bed bugs insecticide-supplemented human blood. Blood was placed into the internal chamber of a custom-fabricated glass feeder heated with a circulating water bath and held in place by plant grafting tape. Bed bugs were placed in PET plastic vials containing cardboard to provide harborage and capped with plankton screen through which bed bugs could feed. b–c Only fully engorged individuals (b, determined visually) were retained, while partially fed (c) and unfed (d) adult males were discarded