Table 1.
Seed cone morphological and anatomical qualitative and quantitative characters of the Prumnopityoid clade
| Characters | Halocarpus bidwillii | Halocarpus biformis | Phyllocladus trichomanoides | P. aspleniifolius | P. toatoa | P. hypophyllus | Lepidothamnus intermedius | L. laxifolius | Manoao colensoi | Lagarostrobos franklinii | Parasitaxus usta | Prumnopitys andina | Pectinopitys ferruginea | Sundacarpus amarus |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Reproductive cycle | 2 years | 2 years | 1 year | 1 year | 1 year | 1 year | 2 years | 2 years | 2 years | 2 years | (1 year) | 2 years | 2 years | 2 years |
| Cone shape | Ellipsoid | Ellipsoid | Ellipsoid | Ellipsoid | Ellipsoid | Ellipsoid | Ellipsoid | Ellipsoid | Ovoid | Narrow cylindrical | Globose | Ellipsoid | Ellipsoid | Ellipsoid |
| Cone size (mm) | 3–5 × 2–2.5 | 2.5–4.5 × 1.5–2 | 5–8 × 1–2 | 5–8 × 2–2.5 | 6–8 × 1.2–2.6 | 7–10 × 1.6–2.5 | 5–8 × 2–3 | 6–7 × 2–3 | 4–6 × 1.5–2.5 | 4–5.5 × 2–3 | 3–5 × 3–4 | 18–25 × 16–20 | 14–20 × 10–16 | 25–35 × 22– 31 |
| Colour | White brownish | Yellow brownish | Reddish brown | Red | Reddish brown | Red purplish | Reddish brown | Reddish brown | Yellowish brown | Yellowish brown | Reddish brown | Yellowish | Reddish | Reddish |
| Number of seeds per cone | 1 or 2 | 1 or 2 | 2–4 | 2–5 | 2–8 | 1–3 | 1 or 2 | 1 or 2 | 1–3 | 5–8 | 1 | 4–12 | 1 or 2 | 1 or 2 |
| Seed size (mm) | 2.5–4.5 × 1.5–2 | 1–3 × 1.5–2 | 4–5 × 3 | 4–5 × 3.4 | 3.5–4.5 × 1.2–2.6 | 6–8 × 1.6–2.5 | 4–5 × 2–2.5 | 4–5 × 2.5 | 3–4 × 1.5–2.5 | 2.5–3 × 1.5–2 | 2.6–4.6 × 2.5–3.8 | 12–18 × 10–15 | 10–15 × 8–12 | 20–30 × 8–27 |
| Seed shape | Ellipsoid | Ellipsoid | Ellipsoid | Ellipsoid | Ellipsoid | Ellipsoid | Ellipsoid | Ellipsoid | Ovoid | Ovoid | Globose | Ellipsoid | Ellipsoid | Ellipsoid |
| Seed surface | Undulate | Undulate | Undulate | Undulate | Smooth | plicate | Undulate | Undulate | Undulate | Undulate | Rugose | Rugose | Rugose | Rugose |
| Seed colour | Greenish black | Greenish black | Greenish black | Greenish black | Dark brown | Brown | Purplish black | Purplish black | Black | Brown | Brown | Brownish | Brownish | Brownish |
| Ovule orientation | Inverted | Inverted | Erect | Erect | Erect | Erect | Erect | Erect | Inverted | Inverted | Inverted | Inverted | Inverted | Inverted |
| Aril | Present | Present | Present | Present | Present | Present | Absent | Absent | Absent | Absent | Absent | Absent | Absent | Absent |
| Aril shape | Cup-shaped | Cup-shaped | Cup-shaped | Cup-shaped | Cup-shaped | Cup-shaped | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Aril colour | White | Orange | White | White | White | White | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Aril structure | Fleshy | Fleshy | Fleshy | Fleshy | Fleshy | Fleshy | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Aril cells | Isodiametric | Isodiametric | Rectangular | Isodiametric | Elongated oval | Elongated oval | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Cuticle | thick | thick | Thin | Thin | Thin | Thin | Thin | Thin | Thin | Thin | Thin | Thin | Thin | Thin |
| Epidermal layers | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1–2 | 1 or 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Epidermal cell shape | Round | Round | Isodiametric | Isodiametric | Isodiametric | Isodiametric | Elongated triangular | Elongated triangular | Round | Elongated triangular | Isodiametric | Isodiametric | Isodiametric | Isodiametric |
| Exotesta | 4–6 | 3–5 | 2 | 1–2 | 3–4 | 3–4 | 3–5 | 2–5 | 4–6 | 2–4 | 10–16 | 16–22 | 12–16 | 14–26 |
| Mesotesta | – | – | 1–2 | 5–8 | 2–5 | 5–7 | – | – | – | – | – | 6–10 | 3–6 | 4–6 |
| Endotesta | 4–8 | 3–6 | 8–12 | 4–8 | 6–8 | 3–4 | 4–7 | 3–6 | 2–7 | 4–10 | 6–10 | 12–20 | 6–12 | 3–6 |
| Nucellus | 3–6 | 4–8 | 10–16 | 4–10 | 10–12 | 5–9 | 3–6 | 3–6 | 2–5 | 1–3 | 3–7 | 6–12 | 13–18 | 8–12 |
| Embryo shape | Straight | Straight | Straight | Straight | Straight | Straight | Straight | Straight | Straight | Straight | Straight | Straight | Straight | Straight |
| Embryo size (mm) | 0.36–0.8 × 0.25–0.45 | 0.52–0.95 × 0.29–0.55 | 0.6–0.7 × 0.2–0.3 | 0.35–0.62 × 0.15–0.25 | 0.3–0.7 × 0.2–0.25 | 0.5–0.6 × 0.2–0.3 | 0.42–0.85 × 0.38–0.62 | 0.4–0.82 × 0.33–0.58 | 0.4–0.6 × 0.2–0.3 | 0.3–0.5 × 0.15–0.2 | 0.2–0.5 × 0.1–0.2 | 0.6–0.9 × 0.2–0.4 | 0.6–1.0 × 0.3–0.5 | 0.5–1.1 × 0.2–0.4 |
| Bracts | 4–5 | 4–5 | 6–8 | 6–8 | 8–20 | 12–15 | 3–5 | 3–4 | 4–7 | 5–10 | 3–6 | 1 | 1–2 | 1–2 |
| Stomata on bracts | Present | Present | Present | Present | Present | Present | Present | Present | Present | Present | Present | Present | Present | Present |
| Epimatium | Present | Present | Absent | Absent | Absent | Absent | Present | Present | Present | Present | Present | Present | Present | Present |
| Epimatium colour | dark-Brown | dark-Brown | Absent | Absent | Absent | Absent | Red | Red | Yellowish | Brown | Brown | Yellowish | Red | Red |
| Epimatium morphology | coriaceous and not fused with testa | coriaceous and not fused with testa | Absent | Absent | Absent | Absent | Fleshy asymmetrical cup-like shape | Fleshy asymmetrical cup-like shape | Fleshy asymmetrical cup-like shape | Fleshy or dry, papery asymmetric | Fleshy and fused with testa | Fleshy and fused with testa | Fleshy and fused with testa | Fleshy and fused with testa |
| Receptaculum | Absent | Absent | Absent | Absent | Absent | Absent | Present | Present | Absent | Absent | Absent | Absent | Absent | Absent |
| Sclereids in testa | Present | Present | Present | Present | Present | Present | Present | Present | Present | Present | Present | Present | Present | Present |
| Resin canals | Present | Present | Present | Present | Present | Present | Present | Present | Present | Present | Present | Present | Present | Present |
| Resin ducts | Absent | |||||||||||||
| Dispersal | Zoochory (birds) | Zoochory (birds) | Zoochory (birds) | Zoochory (birds) | Zoochory (birds) | Zoochory (birds) | Zoochory (birds) | Zoochory (birds) | Zoochory (birds) | Hydrochory/zoochory | Zoochory | Zoochory (birds) | Zoochory (birds) | Zoochory (birds) |