Table 6.

Association of sleep questionnaires and sleep difficulties with cardiovascular disease (CVD) using logistic regression models.

			Model 1		Model 2
	CVD n (%)	p-value	cOR (95% CI)	p-value	aOR (95% CI)	p-value
Sleep questionnaires
ESS		<0.001
Normal day sleepiness	74 (8.5)		Ref.		Ref.
Excessive day sleepiness	17 (20.5)		2.79 (1.55-4.99)	<0.001	2.02 (1.09-3.74)	0.026
AIS		<0.001
Non-insomniac	60 (7.6)		Ref.		Ref.
Insomniac	31 (18.0)		2.66 (1.66-4.25)	<0.001	1.93 (1.17-3.18)	0.010
PSQI		<0.001
Good quality	40 (6.8)		Ref.		Ref.
Bad quality	51 (13.9)		2.21 (1.43-3.42)	<0.001	1.90 (1.20-3.00)	0.006
BQ		<0.001
Low risk	35 (5.7)		Ref.		Ref.
High risk	56 (16.1)		3.15 (2.02-4.91)	<0.001	2.08 (1.28-3.39)	0.003
Sleep difficulties
Delay in falling asleep		0.048
Less than once a week	66 (10.9)		Ref.		Ref.
At least once a week	25 (7.1)		0.62 (0.38-0.99)	0.938	0.77 (0.47-1.27)	0.303
Inability to stay asleep		<0.001
Less than once a week	7 (1.9)		Ref.		Ref.
At least once a week	84 (14.1)		8.34 (3.81-18.24)	<0.001	2.36 (1.25-4.47)	0.008
Waking-up too early		0.008
Less than once a week	41 (7.4)		Ref.		Ref.
At least once a week	50 (12.5)		1.80 (1.16-2.78)	0.008	1.64 (1.01-2.68)	0.046

Notes: ESS = Epworth sleepiness scale; AIS = Athens insomnia scale; PSQI = Pittsburgh sleep quality index; BQ = Berlin questionnaire; cOR = Crude Odds Ratio; aOR = Adjusted odds ratio; CI = Confidence interval; Model 1 = Crude, unadjusted; Model 2 = Adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics (gender, age, marital status, cultural status, place of residence, education level, working status, financial status), lifestyle habits (smoking status, alcohol consumption, daily coffee consumption, caffeine consumption in the evening, adherence to the Mediterranean diet, time watching TV or using a computer before bedtime, physical activity, nap during the day) and health related characteristics (subjective general health status, BMI, chronic disease morbidity, anxiety, depression and use of sleep medication).