Table 4. Comparison of the Yield of FAME (Biodiesel) from Various Feedstocks Using Three Process Steps Such as Extraction, Esterification, and Transesterification and Reactive Extraction Transesterification as a Single Processa.
| time required
for each process (h) |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| feedstock | oil extraction | extracted oil purification | esterification | transesterification | TSET (h) | catalyst type | TTMP | yield of FAME (wt %) |
| rubber seed | 8 | unknown | 2 | 0.25 | H2SO4 and Ba(OH)2·8H2O | 10.25 | ∼9738 | |
| sea mango (Cerbera odollam) | 4 | unknown | no esterification | 3 | sulfated zirconia | 7 | 94.147 | |
| Croton macrostachyus seed | 6 | unknown | 2 | NaOH | 8 | 95.5269 | ||
| castor seed | NR | NR | NR | NR | 3 | KOH | 3 | 88.48 |
| castor seed | NR | NR | NR | NR | 4 | NaOH | 4 | 9333 |
| Jatropha curcas L. seed | NR | NR | NR | NR | 10 | H2SO4 | 10 | 98.149 |
| castor seed | NR | NR | NR | NR | 6 | BaO | 6 | 93.13PS |
a
NR: not required, PS present study, TSET: time for simultaneous extraction and transesterification, and TTMP: total time for main process.