Table 2. Summary of the sampling characteristics in the studies included for systematic review and its quality score.
| Reference (year) | Study design | Population, competitive level | Sample (N) | Sex | Age (y) | Expertise level (y) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baptista et al. (2020) | RCT | Adult, Semiprofessional | 23 | Male | 24.9 ± 6.5 | 12.6 ± 5.5 |
| Canton et al. (2021) | RCT | Youth, High-Level | 24 | Male | U12: 11.3 ± 0.8 | U12: 3.13 ± 1.5 |
| Coutinho et al. (2017) | RCT | Youth, Amateur | 12 | Male | 15.9 ± 0.8 | 8.9 ± 2.4 |
| Coutinho et al. (2019b) | RCT | Youth, Amateur | 12 | Male | 15.9 ± 0.8 | 8.9 ± 2.4 |
| Coutinho et al. (2019a) | RCT | Youth, ND | 40 | Male | U13 (n = 20): 11.3 ± 0.8 U15 (n = 20): 13.3 ± 0.6 |
U13 (n = 20): 4.9 ± 2.7 U15 (n = 20): 7.0 ± 1.6 |
| Coutinho et al. (2020) | RCT | Youth, ND | 10 | Male | 13.7 ± 0.5 | 6.1 ± 0.9 |
| Coutinho et al. (2022b) | RCT | Youth, ND | 114 | Male | U9: 7.9 ± 0.9 U11: 9.5 ± 0.9 U13: 11.6 ± 0.8 U15: 13.9 ± 0.6 U17: 16.2 ± 0.7 U19: 17.9 ± 0.4 |
U9: 2.7 ± 1.1 U11: 3.9 ± 1.2 U13: 4.9 ± 2.0 U15: 6.8 ± 2.5 U17: 7.9 ± 2.8 U19: 9.5 ± 2.1 |
| Coutinho et al. (2022c) | RCT | Youth, Regional Level | 20 | Male | 16.1 ± 0.9 | 7.5 ± 3.4 |
| Coutinho et al. (2022a) | RCT | Youth, ND | 21 | Male | 16.2 ± 0.6 | 8.3 ± 2.8 |
| Ferraz et al. (2020) | RCT | Adult, Professional | 20 | Male | 22.3 ± 2.1 | 10.3 ± 3.4 |
| Figueira et al. (2018) | RCT | Youth, Elite | 22 | Male | U15 (n = 22): 13.6 ± 0.4 U17 (n = 22): 15.3 ± 0.4 |
U15 (n = 22): 5.1 ± 1.3 U17 (n = 22): 7.2 ± 1.4 |
| Folgado et al. (2015) | Observational cohort | Adult, Professional | 23 | Male | 25.5 ± 3.6 | 9.0 ± 3.7 |
| Folgado, Gonçalves & Sampaio (2018) | Observational cohort | Adult, Professional | 30 | Male | 23.7 ± 4.2 | 4.8 ± 4.2 |
| Folgado et al. (2019) | RCT | Youth, National Level | 20 | Male | U15: 14.1 ± 0.5 | U15: 6.4 ± 1.8 |
| Gonçalves et al. (2014) | Observational cohort | Youth, Elite | 22 | Male | 18.1 ± 0.7 | 9.4 ± 1.3 |
| Gonçalves et al. (2017) | RCT | Adult, Professional | 19 | Male | 25.1 ± 4.1 | 18.8 ± 5.3 |
| Gonçalves et al. (2018a) | Observational cohort | Adult, Professional | 28 | Male | 24.7 ± 4.7 | 6.5 ± 4.7 |
| Jara et al. (2019) | RCT | Adult, Elite | 3 | Male | 24.7 ± 7.2 | 11.0 ± 4.7 |
| Machado et al. (2022) | RCT | Youth, Recreational | 10 | Male | 16.89 ± 0.11 | ND |
| Nieto et al. (2022) | RCT | Youth, Elite | 22 | Male | 14.6 ± 0.3 | 5.5 ± 0.5 |
| Olthof, Frencken & Lemmink (2018) | Observational cohort | Youth, Professional | 148 | Male | U13 (n = 36): 12.5 ± 0.5 U15 (n = 43): 14.4 ± 0.5 U17 (n = 28): 16.6 ± 3.2 U19 (n = 43): 17.9 ± 1.0 |
ND |
| Praça et al. (2016) | Observational cohort | Youth, National Level | 18 | Male | 16.4 ± 0.7 | 4.2 ± 0.0 |
| Praça et al. (2021) | Observational cohort | Youth, National Level | 50 | Male | U17 (n = 25): 16.79 ± 0.61 U20 (n = 25): 19.08 ± 0.61 |
ND |
| Ric et al. (2016a) | RCT | Adult, Professional | 8 | Male | 26 ± 4.96 | 19.6 ± 4.9 |
| Ric et al. (2017) | RCT | Adult, Professional | 21 | Male | 25.1 ± 4.1 | 18.8 ± 5.3 |
| Sampaio et al. (2014) | Observational cohort | Adult, volunteer | 24 | Male | 20.8 ± 1.0 | 5.2 ± 1.3 |
| All studies | – | – | 764 | – | 16.81 ± 1.63 | 4.2 ± 3.83 |
Note:
Abbreviations: ND, Not described; U, Under; QS, Quality Score; RCT, randomized controlled trial; y, years.