TABLE 3.

Impact of BPA on the reproductive system.

Specimen	Route of exposure	Findings	References
Female Sprague– Dawley rats	Oral	Significant hormonal disorders altered the structure and functions of the ovaries and uterus.	(129)
KGN ovarian granulosa-like tumor cell line	In vitro	Reduction in insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) induced by FSH and aromatase expression. BPA causes a reduction in granulosa cell DNA synthesis with no changes in DNA fragmentation, showing that BPA does not encourage apoptosis.	(130)
Pregnant women	Oral	Creatinine-identical BPA concentrations caused a reduction in reproducibility. BPA concentration was not altered by the intake of canned fruit, fresh vegetables, fruits, or fresh and frozen fish purchased from the store. High-molecular-weight phthalate and serum tobacco smoke metabolic compound levels were significantly linked with BPA levels.	(131)
Males	Oral	Increased serum total testosterone, prolactin, and estradiol resulted in a reduction in the androgen index.	(132, 133)
Males	Serum	Sexual desire and functionality were decreased in men, followed by premature ejaculation.	(134)
Males	Oral	A higher level of BPA in plasma and seminal plasma has a risk of an increased infertility level.	(135)
Males	Serum administration	The concentration of sperm was decreased, and sperm velocity ratios were increased, followed by a reduction in sperm motility and count.	(133, 136–138)
Females	Oral	The level of Luteinizing hormone and progesterone was increased; hence, the risk for PCOS also increased.	(139, 140)