Table 1.
Employment and financial characteristics of TEMPO participants and the occurrence of symptoms of anxiety/depression during the COVID-19 pandemic, March 2020–July 2021, n = 864 (χ2 or mean comparison test, p-value).
| Symptoms of anxiety/depression during COVID-19 (n = 864) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|
| No (n = 615 (71.2%)) | Yesa (n = 249 (28.8%)) | p-valueb | |
| Employment and financial characteristics | |||
| Employment during COVID-19 | 0.0002 | ||
| Worked normally or from home | 75.6% | 24.4% | |
| Worked less/forced leave/no joba | 63.2% | 36.8% | |
| Type of employment before COVID-19c | 0.0059 | ||
| High/intermediate occupational graded with stable contract | 74.5% | 25.5% | |
| High/intermediate occupational grade and self-employed worker | 62.1% | 37.9% | |
| Low occupational gradee with stable contract | 69.9% | 30.1% | |
| No job | 48.0% | 52.0% | |
| Other | 61.5% | 38.5% | |
| Changes in income during COVID-19 | 0.0046 | ||
| Increased or remained stable | 74.5% | 25.5% | |
| Decreaseda | 65.3% | 34.7% | |
| Household income before COVID-19c | 0.0003 | ||
| More than 2500 euros | 58.6% | 41.4% | |
| 2500 euros or less | 74.0% | 26.0% | |
| Financial difficulties during COVID-19 | <0.0001 | ||
| No | 75.3% | 24.7% | |
| Yesa | 56.4% | 43.6% | |
| Financial difficulties before COVID-19c | 0.1854 | ||
| No | 71.9% | 28.1% | |
| Yes | 65.6% | 34.4% | |
| Sociodemographic characteristics | |||
| Sexc | <0.0001 | ||
| Male | 83.3% | 16.7% | |
| Female | 64.4% | 35.6% | |
| Age (Mean(SD))c | 40.2 (3.7) | 39.9 (3.5) | 0.2264 |
| Educational levelc | 0.9256 | ||
| No higher education level | 71.0% | 29.0% | |
| Higher education level | 72.3% | 27.7% | |
| Living situationc | 0.3065 | ||
| With a partner and children | 73.3% | 26.7% | |
| With a partner | 65.9% | 34.1% | |
| Alone | 69.5% | 30.5% | |
| Other | 57.9% | 42.1% | |
| Housing typec | 0.5879 | ||
| Individual house | 72.0% | 28.0% | |
| Apartment | 69.7% | 30.3% | |
| Lonelinessg | <0.0001 | ||
| No | 41.2% | 58.8% | |
| Yes | 80.5% | 19.5% | |
| Health characteristics | |||
| Symptoms of anxiety/depression before COVID-19f | <0.0001 | ||
| No | 82.8% | 17.2% | |
| Yes | 37.9% | 62.1% | |
| Chronic physical health problemsch | 0.0047 | ||
| No | 75.8% | 24.2% | |
| Yes | 66.9% | 33.1% | |
| COVID-19-like symptoms | 0.0211 | ||
| No | 73.6% | 26.4% | |
| Yesa | 63.8% | 36.2% | |
At least once during follow-up.
P-values in bold are statistically significant at the 5% threshold.
Measured at the first TEMPO-COVID-19 wave answered.
Business owners, managers and academic occupations, craftsmen and traders, intermediate occupations.
Farmers, administrative staff, trade and service employees, blue-collar workers.
Last information available in 2018 (n = 748), 2011 (n = 117) or 2009 (n = 20).
Measured at each TEMPO-COVID-19 wave answered and averaged.
At least one among: cardiovascular disease, diabetes, overweight or obesity, chronic digestive disease, cancer, asthma, migraines, nervous breakdowns, musculoskeletal disorders.