Table 2.
Employment and financial characteristics of TEMPO cohort participants and symptoms of anxiety/depression, France, March 2020–July 2021, n = 864 (bivariate and multivariate GEE models, OR, 95% CI).
| Symptoms of anxiety/depression during COVID-19 (n = 864) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bivariate |
Multivariate |
|||
| OR (95% CI) | p-value | OR (95% CI) | p-value | |
| Employment and financial characteristics | ||||
| Employment during COVID-19 | ||||
| Worked normally or from home | 1 | 1 | ||
| Worked less or were on partial unemployment | 1.43 (1.09–1.88) | 0.0101 | 1.34 (0.92–1.95) | 0.1275 |
| Forced leave | 1.30 (0.97–1.75) | 0.0808 | 1.20 (0.82–1.76) | 0.3475 |
| No job | 2.53 (1.75–3.67) | <0.0001 | 1.89 (1.07–3.33) | 0.0273 |
| Type of employment before COVID-19 | ||||
| High/intermediate occupational grade with stable contract | 1 | 1 | ||
| High/intermediate occupational grade and self-employed worker | 2.01 (1.21–3.34) | 0.0067 | 1.94 (1.08–3.48) | 0.0255 |
| Low occupational grade with stable contract | 1.52 (1.10–2.12) | 0.0121 | 1.07 (0.69–1.67) | 0.7488 |
| No job | 3.20 (1.71–5.98) | 0.0003 | 1.11 (0.43–2.85) | 0.8297 |
| Other | 1.91 (1.07–3.39) | 0.0286 | 1.22 (0.65–2.30) | 0.5404 |
| Changes in income during COVID-19 | ||||
| Increased or remained stable | 1 | 1 | ||
| Decreased | 1.16 (0.96–1.41) | 0.1269 | 1.08 (0.81–1.43) | 0.6054 |
| Household income before COVID-19 | ||||
| More than 2500 euros | 1 | 1 | ||
| 2500 euros or less | 1.90 (1.34–2.70) | 0.0004 | 1.42 (0.84–2.40) | 0.1940 |
| Financial difficulties during COVID-19 | ||||
| No | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 1.55 (1.15–2.07) | 0.0035 | 1.43 (0.99–2.07) | 0.0566 |
| Financial difficulties before COVID-19 | ||||
| No | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 1.60 (1.03–2.49) | 0.0373 | 1.05 (0.61–1.81) | 0.8537 |
| Sociodemographic characteristics | ||||
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 1 | 1 | ||
| Female | 2.13 (1.50–3.04) | <0.0001 | 1.40 (0.96–2.05) | 0.0785 |
| Age | 0.98 (0.94–1.02) | 0.3347 | 1.01 (0.96–1.06) | 0.6386 |
| Educational level | ||||
| No higher education level | 1 | 1 | ||
| Higher education level | 1.12 (0.71–1.76) | 0.6218 | 1.10 (0.63–1.91) | 0.7451 |
| Living situation | ||||
| With a partner and children | 1 | 1 | ||
| With a partner | 1.36 (0.77–2.42) | 0.2856 | 0.98 (0.53–1.80) | 0.9415 |
| Alone | 1.23 (0.86–1.77) | 0.2500 | 0.79 (0.45–1.39) | 0.4123 |
| Other | 1.67 (0.91–3.05) | 0.0951 | 0.93 (0.42–2.03) | 0.8497 |
| Housing type | ||||
| Individual house | 1 | 1 | ||
| Apartment | 0.96 (0.71–1.30) | 0.7863 | 0.83 (0.57–1.21) | 0.3322 |
| Loneliness | ||||
| No | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 8.35 (6.12–11.41) | <0.0001 | 7.59 (5.40–10.67) | <0.0001 |
| Health characteristics | ||||
| Symptoms of anxiety/depression before COVID-19 | ||||
| No | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 7.77 (5.69–10.62) | <0.0001 | 5.97 (4.26–8.36) | <0.0001 |
| Chronic physical health problems | ||||
| No | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 1.28 (0.98–1.67) | 0.0713 | 1.24 (0.91–1.70) | 0.1788 |
| COVID-19-like symptoms | ||||
| No | ||||
| Yes | 1.22 (0.92–1.62) | 0.1578 | 1.20 (0.83–1.72) | 0.3300 |