Table 5.

Immunological changes as a result of regular exercise.

↓ Blood concentration of inflammatory molecules (IL-1β, IL-18, TNF-α, IFN-y, CRP)

↓ Exhausted T-cell count

↑ Immune response to vaccination

↑ Natural killer cell migration and activity

↑ T-cells' ability to divide

↑ Naïve T cells

↑ Phagocytic ability of neutrophil granulocytes

↑ Microbial killing

↓Toll-like receptor signaling

↑CD4/CD8 ratio

↑Sensitivity of β2-adrenergic receptor

IL: interleukin; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor alpha; IFN-y: interferon gamma; CRP: C-reactive protein;